TUGAS KULIAH MATERI biokimia.pptx PRESENTASI

MATERI BIOKIMIA

1. JALUR PENTOSA FOSFAT Gusti Ayu Putu Era Megajayanthi 1913071009 5A

2. P entosa merupakan gula monosakarida dengan lima atom karbon dalam satu molekul yang mana jalan lain untuk oksidasi glukosa tidak bertujuan menghasilkan energi (ATP) disebut juga sebagai Pentose Phosphate Pathway. P roduk utamanya adalah NADPH, agen pereduksi pada bebrapa proses anabolik, dan Ribosa-5-fosfat, komponen utama nukleotida dan asam nukleat. P entosa Fosfat

3. K elenjar mammae ( laktasi ) P entosa Fosfat aktif dalam : E ritrosit Kelenjar tiroid K elenjar korteks adrenal Hati Jaringan lemak

4. Jalur Pentosa Fosfat Jalur pentosa fosfat adalah jalur respirasi yang menghasilkan NADPH dan pentosa. Terdapat dua fase yang berbeda, namun keduanya berada dalam jalur yang sama. Fase yang pertama adalah fase oksidatif yang menghasilkan NADPH, dan fase kedua adalah fase nonoksidatif yang menghasilkan pentosa. Pada hewan proses ini terjadi pada sitisol, sedangkan pada tumbuhan proses ini terjadi di plastida. Jalur pentosa fosfat mengoksidasi glukosa 6 fosfat menjadi zat antara jalur glikolitik dan dalam proses tersebut menghasilkan NADPH dan ribosa 5 fosfat untuk sintesis nukleotida. NADPH digunakan untuk jalur reduktif, misalnya biosintesis asam lemak, dan sistem pertahanan gluatation terhadap cedera yang disebabkan oleh spesies oksigen reaktif.

5. Proses Jalur Pentosa Fosfat Fase oksidasi adalah reaksi oksidatif. Fase Oksidasi 01 diproduksi molekul xylosa-5-fosfat atau ribosa-5-fosfat Fase Non-Oksidatif 02 Enzim-enzim yang berperan adalah transketolase dan transaldolase. Penataan Ulang Molekul 03

6. Fase Oksidasi Fase oksidasi adalah reaksi oksidatif. Pada reaksi ini, glukosa-6-fosfat dioksidasi secara bertahap menjadi ribulosa-5-fosfat. Sementara itu, NADP+ direduksi menghasilkan NADPH. Tahapan : Molekul pertama yang masuk dalam jalur pentose fosfat adalah intermediet glikolisis, 3 buah molekul Glu-6-P. Molekul tersebut dioksidasi oleh Glu-6-P dehydrogenase dengan memanfaatkan 3 NADP+ menghasilkan 3 molekul NADPH dan 3 molekul 6-fosfoglukonat. 6-fosfoglukonat selanjutnya didekarboksilasi secara oksidatif oleh NADP+ dengan bantuan 6-fosfoglukonat dehydrogenase menghasilkan   NADPH, CO2 dan ribulosa-5-fosfat 01 2

7. Tahapan reaksi produksi ribulosa-5-fosfat dan NADPH pada fase oksidatif . Enzim yang berperan ditulis dalam warna biru Reaksi lengkapnya adalah sebagai berikut : Glukosa 6-fosfat + 2 NADP+ + H2O → ribulosa 5-fosfat + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2

8. Fase Non- Oksidatif Pada awal fase ini , diproduksi molekul xylosa-5-fosfat atau ribosa-5-fosfat dari ribulosa-6-fosfat melalui reaksi isomerasi ( hence , fase isomerasi ) Tahapan: Pengubahan ribosa 5-fosfat menjadi xilulosa 5-fosfat oleh enzim ribosa 5-fosfat epimerase . P engubahan xilulosa 5-fosfat menjadi glukosa 6-fosfat. Tahap ini terjadi dengan bantuan dua enzim yaitu transketolase dan transaldolase dengan proses yang panjang dan bertahap - tahap . Glukosa 6-fosfat yang terbantuk dapat masuk jalur pentosa fosfat kembali

9. Penataan Ulang Molekul Ada dua enzim yang berperan dalam mengatur posisi molekul intermediet jalur pentos a fosfat dan mensintesis molekul intermediet dengan jumlah karbon berbeda . Enzim-enzim tersebut adalah transketolase dan transaldolase . Transketolase bertanggung jawab dalam proses pemotongan 2 buah atom karbon dari xylulosa-5-fosfat dan menambahkan dua atom karbon tersebut pada ribosa-6-fosfat menghasilkan G3P dan sedoheptulosa-7-P. Transaldolase mengkatalis pemotongan tiga atom karbon dari sedoheptulosa-7-fosfat dan menambahkan tiga atom karbon tersebut pada G3P menghasilkan erythrosa-4-fosfat dan fruktosa-6-fosfat Hasil akhir dari proses ini adalah molekul-molekul gula dengan jumlah atom karbon yang bervariasi dan dapat menjadi intermediet berbagai proses, contohnya adalah fruktosa-6-fosfat dan G3P yang menjadi intermediet glikolisis .

10. Hasil Jalur Pentosa Fosfat Hasil jalur pentosa fosfat adalah sebagai berikut : Pada fase oksidatif , jalur ini menghasilkan 2 buah NADPH, 1 buah ribulosa 5-fosfat, 2 proton dan sebuah molekul karbon dioksida . Pada fase non- oksidatif   dihasilkan 2 buah fruktosa 6-fosfat dan sebuah G3P dari proses berikut : 3 ribulosa5-fosfat → 1 ribosa-5-fosfat + 2  xylulose-5-phosphate  → 2 fruktosa-6-fosfat + gliseraldehid-3-fosfat Reaksi pentosa fosfat lengkapnya sebagai berikut : Glukosa 6- fosfat  + 2 NADP +  + H 2 O → ribulosa 5- fosfat  + 2 NADPH + 2 H +  + CO 2 .

11. Tujuan Utama Jalur Pentosa Fosfat Produksi NADPH 01 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 03 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 04

12. T ujuan Utama J a lur Pentosa Fosfat Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant Saturn Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars Venus has a beautiful name, but is hot Venus Earth is the planet where we all live on Earth

13. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars 01 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 03 Earth is the planet where we all live on Earth 05 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 04 Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant Saturn 06 Venus has a beautiful name, but is hot Venus 07

14. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars 08 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 05 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 06 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 07

15. Chemistry Lesson Infographics It is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Mercury B Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the entire Solar System Jupiter D Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust Mars A Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Venus C

16. Chemistry Lesson Infographics It is the farthest one from the Sun Neptune Mercury Saturn Despite being red, Mars is cold Mars It is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Earth is the planet that harbors life Earth Venus has a really nice name Venus

17. Chemistry Lesson Infographics 04 Jupiter is the biggest planet Jupiter Despite being red, it is a cold place Mars 01 It is the farthest one from the Sun Neptune 03 It is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02

18. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn Earth is the planet that harbors some life Earth Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter It’s at the center of the Solar System Sun

19. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It's composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. It was named after a Roman god Saturn A Jupiter is a big gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It is the fourth-brightest object in the entire night sky Jupiter B

20. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 01 Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn 03 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter 05 Venus has a very nice name, but is hot Venus 07 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02 Earth is the planet that harbors some life Earth 04 It is now considered a dwarf planet Pluto 06 Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars 08

21. Chemistry Lesson Infographics To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 10% Earth is the planet that harbors some life Earth 20% It is now considered a dwarf planet Pluto 30% Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars 40%

22. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Saturn is a gas giant composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Saturn Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the entire Solar System Jupiter Mars Venus

23. Chemistry Lesson Infographics 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 15:00 Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Saturn has several rings Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust

24. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 55% It is now considered a dwarf planet Pluto 45% Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It was named after the Roman god of wealth Saturn

25. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Venus has a very nice name, but is hot Venus Earth Mercury Start Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Mars Venus

26. Chemistry Lesson Infographics It’s the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 55% It is now considered a dwarf planet Pluto 45%

27. Chemistry Lesson Infographics To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here Yes, Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Saturn 55% Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 45%

28. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Lesson 1 Venus has a very nice name Pluto is a small dwarf planet Lesson 2 Jupiter is the biggest planet Lesson 3 Despite being red, it is cold Lesson 4 Saturn is a giant with rings Mercury is the smallest planet Lesson 5 Earth is the planet with life Neptune is the farthest planet

29. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It's composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. It was named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture Saturn Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust Mars Venus has a nice name and is the second planet from the Sun Venus List item 1 List item 2 List item 3 List item 4 List item 5 List item 6 List item 1 List item 2 List item 3 List item 4 List item 5 List item 6

30. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Saturn ✓ 3 1 2 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Mars Neptune ✓ Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Venus ✓

31. Chemistry Lesson Infographics 04 Jupiter is the biggest planet Jupiter Despite being red, it is a cold place Mars 01 It is the farthest one from the Sun Neptune 03 It is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02

32. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Saturn is a big gas giant with several rings Saturn Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars

33. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter B Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars A Earth is the planet that harbors some life Earth D Venus has a really nice name, but is hot Venus C

34. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Mercury ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Neptune ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ Venus ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ Mars ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓

35. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune 01 70% Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury 02 30%

36. Chemistry Lesson Infographics To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune A Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Saturn B

37. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Mercury Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant Saturn Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars Venus has a beautiful name, but is hot Venus Earth is the planet where we all live on Earth

38. Chemistry Lesson Infographics Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars It is now considered a dwarf planet Pluto Earth is the planet that harbors some life Earth Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt Ceres Saturn Earth

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