Types of Aquaculture practices

Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.

1. Types of Aquaculture Practices Dr. K. Rama Rao Department of Zoology Phone: [phone]

2. Depending on hydrobiological features (particularly salinity) aquaculture is divided into: (I) Mariculture , (II) Metahaline culture, (III) Brackish water culture and (IV) Freshwater culture

3. Mariculture : India has a long coastal and open sea area, which offers wide scope for culture operations of fin fishes and shellfishes. For the culture of fish, prawns and lobsters floating cages are used. Racks, rafts, rope, pole and long lines are used for culture of mussels, particularly pearl oysters. Sea-weeds also are widely cultured with the help of nets or webbings.

4. a) Cage culture It is an aquaculture production system made of a floating frame, net materials and mooring system (with rope, buoy, anchor etc.) with a round or square shape floating net to hold and culture large number of fishes and can be installed in reservoir, river, lake or sea. Cage aquaculture involves the growing of fishes in existing water resources while being enclosed in a net cage which allows free flow of water.

5. A catwalk and handrail is built around a battery of floating cages. There are 4 types of fish-rearing cages namely: i ) Fixed cages, ii) Floating cages, iii) Submerged cages and iv) Moveable cages

6. b) Raft culture Raft culture is one of the commercially important method of intensive aquaculture.   Raft  are the rectangular wooden frames floating on the water. They are made of bamboo and made to flows by empty dumps . The basic raft unit consists of a long floating rope buoyed with numerous floats and anchored with fixed wooden stakes at both ends.

7. Single Floating Rope Raft Single floating rope rafts are independently positioned raft units, i.e. they are not joined to other floating raft ropes but are anchored separately . Block of Floating Rafts A block of rafts is composed of between 10–40 floating kelp rope rafts joined together. Floating raft ropes in parallel series are positioned 3–5 m apart so that water circulation is not impeded. Ostrea ,  Crassostrea  and  Pyncnodonta .

8. C) Rack   culture   Rack culture is an improvement of intertidal culture methods over the traditional beach culture method. Using steel racks placed into the sand or mud bottom, plastic mesh bags filled with small culture organisms are laid across the tops of the racks where they are surrounded with water when the tide comes in . Ex: Mussels Edible oysters

9. d) Pole culture   pole culture  is mainly undertaken in France. This is also called the “ Bouchot”or stake culture. The poles, used are big branches or trunks of oak tree, 4–6 m in length, which are staked in rows, 0.7 m apart on soft and muddy bottoms of the intertidal zone during low tide. Mussel farming, Green mussel, Perna viridis ,

10. e) Long - line culture Long-line culture is an alternative to raft culture in areas less protected from wave action. A long- line supported by a series of small floats joined by a cable or chain and anchored at the bottom on both end is employed. Collected mussel spats on ropes or strings are suspended on the line.

11. f) Bottom culture Oysters have traditionally been cultured on the bottom just like a wild oyster. Bottom culture is placing the oysters on the bottom of the oyster lease or placing oyster shells on the bottom of the lease to catch wild oyster spate. Off bottom culture simply means the oysters are grown off the bottom of the river floor. On-bottom culture Off-bottom culture

12. g) Artificial reef culture These are artificial reefs are intentionally placed benthic structures built of natural or man-made materials, which are designed to protect, enhance, or restore components of Marine ecosystem. Their ecological structure and function, vertical relief, and irregular surfaces vary according to location, construction, and degree to which they mimic natural habitats.

13. II. METAHALINE CULRURE In off seasons of salt manufacture, the salt pans are utilised for fish culture. Culture of brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) can be undertaken in these supersaline salt pan (salinity more than 200%) area. The nauplii of Artemia serve as a protein-rich live food for the fin fishes and shell­fishes. The dormant eggs (cysts) of Artemia formed under unfavourable conditions also can earn good foreign exchange.

14. Saltwater ponds Saltwater ponds can also be called marine ponds, as they are filled with saltwater like the sea, and contain some of the same species. Salt marshes occur on the edge of saltwater ponds and in sheltered coastal locations, like the heads of bays. They contain mostly coastal plants that are adapted to occasional flooding by seawater

15. III. BRACKISHWATER CULTURE Brackish water areas are rich in oxygen and plankton. Brackish water organisms can be cultured in various ways such as in tidal ponds, pens, cages or by rack, raft or rope culture. Mangrove crab, Scylla serrata are also cultured in the shallow brackish water.

16. Bottom culture, Raft culture, Rack culture, Cage culture discussed in Mariculture system .

17. e) Tidal ponds: A shallow coastal inlet or bay that fills and empties with water as the tide rises and falls, often characterized by tidal flats and marshes. A body of water in a tidal region that is maintained at a desired water level by gates or other artificial means.

18. f) Pen Culture: Pens generally refer to small enclosures used for confinement or safe keeping of domestic animals. Pen culture. Pen culture is defined as raising of fish in a volume of water enclosed on all sides except bottom, permitting the free circulation of water at least from one side. This system can be considered a hybrid between pond culture and cage culture.

19. Sites are selected where the barriers can be constructed across narrow sections or channels in order to reduce costs and increase the ease of operation.

20. IV. FRESHWATER CULTURE Freshwater  aquaculture refers to raising and breeding aquatic animals (fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, etc.) and plants for economic purposes by the use of ponds, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other inland waterways (including brackish water), which play an important role in the aquaculture industry.

21. a) Composite fish culture  : It is a system in which five or six different species of fishes are grown together in a single fishpond. Fishes with different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for food among themselves. This ensures complete utilization of food resources in the pond.

22. b) Monosex culture: Monosex  refers to the culture of either all-male or all-female populations, a sought after approach in aquaculture. This chapter reviews the advantages of  monosex  population culture and details the mechanisms to achieve it based on different modes of sex determination and sexual differentiation.

23. c) Monospecies Culture: This is concerned with the culturing of individual species of fish. d) Air breathing Fish Culture: Shallow water bodies with poor oxygen content is used for culturing air breathing fish species such as Channa , Clarias , Heteropneustes , etc.

24. e) Predator-Prey Culture: Predator-prey ( murrel -tilapia) culture is also undertaken in shallow waters and in swampy areas. Here, predator fish like murrels are cultured along with their prey-fish, tilapia.

25. 2) Raceway A raceway also known as a flow-through system, is an artificial channel used in aquaculture to culture aquatic organisms.  Raceway systems are among the earliest methods used for inland aquaculture. ... Freshwater species such as trout, catfish and tilapia are commonly cultured in raceways

26. 3) Sewage-Fed Fish Culture: In such culture sewage water after treatment in oxidation ponds are utilised . Such water contains high nutrients which are responsible for production of plankton bloom, the food of fishes. 4) Culture of Fishes in Temple Tanks: The quality of the water in the unutilised temple tanks are poor owing to stagnation. Such tanks can be utilised for the culture of fishes such as common carp, murrel , tilapia, catfishes, etc.

27. 5) Culture of Fishes in Irrigation Tank: Irrigation tanks are fitted with inlet and outlet water sources, which can be profitably utilised for culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps. 6) Fish Culture in Recirculating System: In areas of water scarcity, the recirculatory system of fish culture is practised . Hence, water is circulated continuously through a biological filter.

28. 7) Ornamental Fish Culture: Ornamental or aquarium fishes such as guppy ( Lebistes reticulatus ), gourami ( Trichogaster trichopterus ), goldfish ( Carassius auratus ), molly ( Mollienisia latipinna ), siamese fighter ( Betta splendeus ), sword tail ( Xiphophorus helleri ), etc. are cultured due to their high demand in international market

29. 8) Culture of Larvivorous Fishes: Larvivorous fishes such as Oryzias melastigma , Aplocheilus blochii and Gambusia sp. are cultured. These fishes help to control the vectors (mosquito, etc.) and can save the human population from many diseases.

30. 9) Fish Food Organisms: Mass culture of protein-rich live fish food organisms such as plankton ( cladocerans , rotifers, copepods, etc.) and tubifex worms, is being done as they are essential for growing larvae of fin fish and shellfish in culture systems. 10) Culture of Sport Fishes: Cold water fishes such as trout, salmon, etc. are cultured due to their sport value in places of high altitude like Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Kodaikanal , etc.

31. 11) coldwater fishery Culture of coldwater fish in the Himalayas has largely concentrated on the production of stocking material for rivers and streams, and some lakes. Common carp produced in pond and rice-cum-fish culture and for stocking lakes and reservoirs in all Indian Himalayan states.

32. 12) Integrated Fish Farming: Integrated fish farming is a system of producing fish in combination with other agricultural/livestock farming operations centered around the fish pond. By-product/wastes of crop can be used as feed, manure for the fish pond and as feed for livestock.

33. Here along with the culture of fishes, agricultural crops (rice, banana, etc.) or livestocks (pig, poultry, duck, cattle, etc.) are cultured so as to get more return.