Types of Collection system & its Analysis - Municipal Solid Wastes

Municipal Solid Wastes Handling and Management

1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
[email protected]
IonlyfeelangrywhenIseewaste.
WhenIseepeoplethrowingaway
thingswecoulduse.–Mother
Teresa
1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.4 –Types of Collection system & its
Analysis

2. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
Learning Outcomes
☼Basic collection system
☼Types of collection system
☼Analysis using collection systems
2.4 –Types of Collection system & Collection Routes

3. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session

4. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Theprocessofrefusecollectionshouldbethoughtofasamultiphaseprocess,anditis
possibletodefineatleastfiveseparatephases
4
MSW Collection System

5. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Themostcommonsystemofgettingthesolidwasteintothetruckwasthecollectors
goingtothebackyard,emptyingthegarbagecansintolargetotecontainers,and
carryingthesetothewaitingtruck.
Thissystemwasnotonlyexpensiveincosttothecommunity,butitwasexpensivein
termsoftheextremelyhighinjuryratetothecollectors.
Thetraditionaltrucksusedforresidentialandcommercialrefusecollectionarerear-
loadedandcoveredcompactorscalledpackers,andvaryinsizeanddesignwith12
and15m
3
loadsbeingcommon.
5
MSW Collection System

6. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
A rear-loading packer truck for collecting residential solid waste
6
MSW Collection System

7. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Thetrucksizeisoftenlimitednotbyitsabilitytostorerefusebutbyitswheelweight.
Residentialstreetsarenotdesignedtocarrylargewheelloads,andrefusetruckscan
easilyexceedtheselimits.
Commonly,therefuseisemptiedfromgarbagecansintothebackofthepackers
whereitisscoopedupbyhydraulicallyoperatedcompactionmechanismsthat
compresstherefusefromaloosedensityofabout60to120kg/m
3
toaboutto360to
420kg/m
3
.
7
MSW Collection System

8. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Thecompaction(packing)mechanismofonemanufacturerisshownbelow.
Toreduceinjuriesandtospeedupcollection,somesolidwastecollectioncompanies
arechangingfromrearloaderstosideloaders.
8
MSW Collection System
Compacting mechanism for a packer truck Side-loading packer truck.

9. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Tworevolutionarychangesduringthe1990shadagreatimpactonboththecostof
collectionaswellastheinjuryrateofthecollectors.
ThefirstiswideacceptanceoftheCan-on-Wheelsidea,knownaswastewheelers.
Theresidentfillsalargeplasticcontaineronwheelsandthenpushesittothecurbfor
collection.
Thesecontainerscanbeusedformixedrefuse,recyclables,and/oryardwaste.
9
MSW Collection System

10. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Thecollectionvehiclesareequippedwithhydraulichoiststhatareusedtoemptythe
contentsintothetruck.
Thecollectorsdonotcomeintocontactwiththerefuse,avoidingdangerousmaterials
thatcancutorbruise.
Thissystem,referredtoassemi-automatedcollection,typicallyrequiresadriver
andoneormorecollectors.
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MSW Collection System

11. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Afurtherdevelopmentinsolidwastecollectiontechnology
isthecansnatcher,trucksequippedwithlongarmsthat
reachout,grabacan,andliftitintothebackofthetruck.
Suchsystems,calledfullyautomatedcollection,are
especiallyusefulwherethestreetlayoutincludesalleys
behindthehouses.
Communitiesthathaveconvertedfromthemanual
systemtothefullyautomatedsystemhavesavedatleast
50%incollectioncosts,muchofitinreducedmedical
costs.
11
MSW Collection System

12. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Thesecondrevolutionarydevelopmentinsolidwaste
collectionisthewidespreaduseofplasticbags.
Manycommunitiesnowinsistthatallrefusebepackagedinthe
plasticbagsandthatthesebetakentothecurbforcollection.
Whilethecollectorsstillhavetoliftthebagstothetruck,the
bagsdonotweighverymuch,andinjuriesduetostrainsare
almosteliminated.
Insomecommunities,thecansarenolongerused,andthebags
areleftonthecurbforcollection.
12
MSW Collection System

13. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
Plasticbags,ofcourse,havesomeseriousdisadvantages.
Bagscanripwhiletheyaretransportedtothecurb,andcanbetornapartbysmall
animalsseekingfood,resultinginthegarbagebeingspreadalloverthesidewalkor
alley.
13
MSW Collection System

14. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
TYPESOFCOLLECTIONSYSTEM
Overthepast20years,awidevarietyofcollectionsystemsandequipmenthave
beenusedforthecollectionofsolidwastes.
Whenconsideringcollectiontechnology,thebasiccomponentsaresurfacestreets
androadways,over-the-roadtrucks,andsturdycontainersforstorage.
Therehavenotbeendramaticchangestothesecomponentssincemotor-driven
vehiclesreplacedhorse-drawncarts(Merrill,1998).
Technologychangeswillmakethetruckandlabormoreefficient,butthebasic
collectiontruckwillbeusedformanymoreyears.
14
MSW Collection System

15. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
TYPESOFCOLLECTIONSYSTEM
Solidwastecollectionsystemsmaybeclassifiedfromseveralpointsofview,suchas
themodeofoperation,theequipmentused,andthetypesofwastecollected.
Thetwoprincipaltypesofcollectionsystemsnowusedareaccordingtotheirmodeof
operation:
1.Hauledcontainersystems
2.Stationarycontainersystems
15
MSW Collection System

16. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
Thesearecollectionsystemsinwhichthecontainersusedforthestorageofwastes
arehauledtoamaterialsrecoveryfacility(MRF),transferstation,ordisposalsite,
emptied,andreturnedtoeithertheiroriginallocationorsomeotherlocation.
Hauledcontainersystemsareideallysuitedfortheremovalofwastesfromsources
wheretherateofgenerationishighbecauserelativelylargecontainersareused.
TheoperationalsequenceinHCSisfurtherclassifiedintotwotypesofoperation,(1)
Conventionalmodeand(2)Exchangecontainermode.
16
MSW Collection System

17. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
17
MSW Collection System
Containersusedforthestorageof
wastesarehauledtoanMRF,
transferstation,ordisposalsite,
emptied,andreturnedtotheir
originallocation

18. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
18
MSW Collection System

19. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
19
MSW Collection System
Containersusedforthestorageofwastes
arehauledtoanMRF,transferstation,or
disposalsite,emptied,andreturnedtoa
differentlocationintheexchangemodeof
operation.
Theexchangemodeworksbestwhenthe
containersareofasimilarsize.
Intheexchangemode,thedrivermustbegin
thecollectionroutewithanemptycontainer
onthevehicletobedepositedatthefirst
collectionsite.

20. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
20
MSW Collection System

21. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
Theuseoflargecontainerseliminateshandlingtimeaswellastheunsightly
accumulationsandunsanitaryconditionsassociatedwiththeuseofnumerous
smallercontainers.
AnotheradvantageofHCSsistheirflexibility:Containersofmanydifferentsizesand
shapesareavailableforthecollectionofalltypesofwastes.
Becausecontainersusedinthissystemusuallymustbefilledmanually,theuseof
verylargecontainersoftenleadstolow-volumeutilizationunlessloadingaids,such
asplatformsandramps,areprovided.
21
MSW Collection System

22. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
HCSshavetheadvantageofrequiringonlyonetruckanddrivertoaccomplishthe
collectioncycle,eachcontainerthatispickeduprequiresaroundtriptoanMRF,
transferstation,ordisposalsite.
Therefore,containersizeandutilizationareofgreateconomicimportance.
Further,whenhighlycompressiblewastesaretobecollectedandhauledover
considerabledistances,theeconomicadvantagesofcompactionareobvious.
22
MSW Collection System

23. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
TherearethreemaintypesofHCSs:
I.Hoisttruck
II.Tiltframecontainer
III.Trashtrailer
23
MSW Collection System

24. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(i)Hoist-trucksystems
Thesetypesofcollectiontrucksarewidelyusedwith
containersofsizerangingfrom1.5to8.0m
Forthecollectionofwastesbyacollectorwhohasa
smalloperationandcollectsfromonlyafewpickup
pointsatwhichaconsiderableamountofwastesare
generated.
Forthecollectionofbulkyitemsandindustrialrubbish
notsuitableforcollectionwithcompactionvehicles.
24
MSW Collection System

25. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(ii)Tilt-framecontainer
Systemsthatusetilt-frame-loadedvehiclesandlarge
containers,oftencalleddropboxesorroll-offcontainers,
areideallysuitedforthecollectionofalltypesofsolid
wasteandrubbishfromlocationswherethegeneration
ratewarrantstheuseoflargecontainers.
Becauseofthelargevolumethatcanbehauled,theuse
ofthetilt-frameHCShasbecomewidespread,especially
amongprivatecollectorsservicingcommercialaccounts.
25
MSW Collection System

26. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(ii)Trashtrailer
Theapplicationoftrashtrailersissimilartothatfortilt-
framecontainersystems.
Trashtrailersarebetterforthecollectionofespecially
heavyrubbish,suchassand,timber,andmetalscrap,
andoftenareusedforthecollectionofdemolition
wastesatconstructionsites.
26
MSW Collection System

27. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
1.Hauledcontainersystems(HCS)
27
MSW Collection System

28. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2.Stationarycontainersystems(SCS)
IntheSCSs,thecontainersusedforthestorageofwastesremainatthepointof
generation,exceptwhentheyaremovedtothecurborotherlocationtobeemptied.
Stationarycontainersystemsmaybeusedforthecollectionofalltypesofwastes.
Thesystemsvaryaccordingtothetypeandqualityofwastestobehandled,aswell
asthenumberofgenerationpoints.
TheoperationalsequencefortheSCSsisschematicallyshowninnextslide.
28
MSW Collection System

29. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2.Stationarycontainersystems(SCS)
29
MSW Collection System
Containersusedforthestorageof
wastesremainatthepointof
generation,exceptwhentheyare
movedtothecurborotherlocationto
beemptied.
Thecollectionvehicleisdrivenfrom
pickuplocationtopickuplocationuntilit
isloadedfully.

30. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2.Stationarycontainersystems(SCS)
30
MSW Collection System

31. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2.Stationarycontainersystems(SCS)
Therearetwomaintypes:
1.Systemsinwhichmechanicallyloaded
collectionvehiclesareused
2.Systemsinwhichmanuallyloaded
collectionvehiclesareused
31
MSW Collection System

32. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
2.Stationarycontainersystems(SCS)
Becauseoftheeconomicadvantagesinvolved,almostallofthecollectionvehicles
nowusedareequippedwithinternalcompactionmechanisms,especiallywherelong-
hauldistancesareinvolved.
Tooptimizethepayload,manynewercollectionvehiclescontainonboardscales,
includingloadcellsonthearmsofmechanicalliftingdevices(toweighindividual
containers)and/orloadcellsonthetruckchassis(toweightheloadedmaterial).
32
MSW Collection System

33. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(1)Systemsinwhichmechanicallyloadedcollectionvehiclesareused
ContainersizeandutilizationarenotascriticalinSCSsusingcollectionvehicles
equippedwithacompactionmechanismastheyareinhoist-trucksystems.
Tripstothedisposalsite,transferstation,orprocessingstationaremadeafterthe
contentsofanumberofcontainershavebeencollectedandcompacted,and/orthe
collectionvehicleisfull.
Forthisreason,theutilizationofthedriverintermsofthequantitiesofwasteshauled
isconsiderablygreaterforthesesystemsthanforHCSs.
33
MSW Collection System

34. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(1)Systemsinwhichmechanicallyloadedcollectionvehiclesareused
Avarietyofcontainersizesareavailableforusewiththesesystems.
Theyvaryfromrelativelysmallsizes(1yd3)tosizescomparablewiththosehandled
withahoisttruck.
Theuseofsmallercontainersoffersgreaterflexibilityintermsofshape,easeof
loading,andspecialfeaturesavailable.
Byusingsmall,easier-to-loadcontainers,utilizationofcontainerscanbeincreased
considerably.
34
MSW Collection System

35. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(1)Systemsinwhichmechanicallyloadedcollectionvehiclesareused
Thesesystemscanalsobeusedforthecollectionofresidentialwasteswhereone
largecontainercanbesubstitutedforanumberofsmallcontainers.
Becausetruckbodiesaredifficulttomaintainandbecauseoftheweightinvolved,
thesesystemsarenotideallysuitedforthecollectionofheavyindustrialwastesand
bulkrubbish,suchasthatproducedatconstructionanddemolitionsites.
Locationswherehighvolumesofrubbishareproducedarealsodifficulttoservice
becauseofthespacerequirementsforthelargenumberofcontainers.
35
MSW Collection System

36. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(2)SystemswithManuallyLoadedCollectionVehicles
Themajorapplicationofmanualloadingmethodsisinthecollectionofresidential
source-separatedandcommingledwastesandlitter.
Manualloadingisusedinresidentialareaswherethequantitypickedupateach
locationissmallandtheloadingtimeisshort.
Inaddition,manualmethodsareusedforresidentialcollectionbecausemany
individualpickuppointsareinaccessibletomechanizedmechanicallyloaded
collectionvehicles.
36
MSW Collection System

37. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
(2)SystemswithManuallyLoadedCollectionVehicles
Specialattentionmustbegiventothedesignofthecollectionvehicleintendedfor
usewithasinglecollector.
Atpresent,itappearsthataside-loadedcompactorequippedwithstand-upright-
handdrive,isbestsuitedforcurbandalleycollection.
37
MSW Collection System

38. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
PersonnelRequirements
38
MSW Collection System

39. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar
HauledContainerSystem–HCS
StationaryContainerSystem–SCS
Pickup–P
Haul–h
Atsite–s
OffRoute–W
39
Analysis of a Collection System

40. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 40
Analysis of a Collection System
Hauledcontainersystems(SCS)
T
hcs = P
hcs+ s + h ----------(1)
(h/trip) (h/trip) (h/trip) (h/trip)
h = a + b . x ----------(2)
(h/trip) (h/trip) (h/km) (km/trip)
T
hcs=Totalhaultimepercollectiontrip P
hcs&sarerelativelyconstant
a&bareempiricalconstantsderivedfromanalysisofhaulspeed&distance
X=averageroundtriphauldistance

41. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 41
Analysis of a Collection System
Hauledcontainersystems(SCS)
Fromequ.(1)&(2)
T
hcs = P
hcs+ s + (a+bx) ----------(3)
P
hcs = pc + uc+ dbc ----------(4)
(h/trip)
pc=timerequiredtopickuploadedcontainer(h/trip)
uc=timerequiredtounloademptycontainer(h/trip)
dbc=timerequiredtodrivebetweencontainerlocations(h/trip)

42. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 42
Analysis of a Collection System
Hauledcontainersystems(SCS)
IfN
d=No.oftrips/day
H=lengthofwork(inhours)/day
W=off-routefactor(0.1to0.4) [0.15(typ.)]
N
d = [H(1–W)–(t
1+t
2)/T
hcs] ----------(5)
t
1–timeoftravelfromgaragetoI
st
container(hours)
t
2–timeoftravelfromlastcontainertogarage(hours)

43. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 43
Analysis of a Collection System
Hauledcontainersystems(SCS)
Also,Numberoftripsrequiredperday(orweek)
N
d
=
V
a
c∗f
----------(6)
V
d=averagequantityofwastetobecollected(m3/d)
c=averagecontainersize(m3/trip)
f=weightedaveragecontainerutilizationfactor
Numberoftripsrequired=Numberofcontainerscollected

44. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 44
Analysis of a Collection System
Stationarycontainersystems(SCS){Mechanicallyloaded}
T
scs = P
scs+ s + (a+bx) ----------(7)
(h/trip) (h/trip) (h/trip) (h/trip)+(h/km)(km/trip)
P
scs = C
t(uc)+ (n
p–1)dbc ----------(8)
(h/trip)
Ct=no.ofcontainersemptied/trip
uc=avg.unloadingtimeperstationarycontainer
np=no.ofpickuplocations/trip
dbc=avg.timespenttodrivebetweencontainerlocations

45. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 45
Analysis of a Collection System
Stationarycontainersystems(SCS){Mechanicallyloaded}
C
t= (v.r)/(c.f) ----------(9)
Numberoftripsthatcanbemadebyavehicleperday
N
d= [H(1–W)–(t1+t2)/T
scs] ----------(10)
Numberoftripsrequiredperday(orweek)
N
d
=
V
d
v∗r
-----------(11)
v=Volumeofcollectionvehicle
r=Compactionratio
c=Containervolume
f=Weightedcontainerutilizationfactor
V
d=averagedailyquantityofwastecollected

46. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 46
Analysis of a Collection System
Stationarycontainersystems(SCS){Manuallyloaded}
H=[(t
1+t
2)+N
d(T
scs)]/(1–W)
N
p=(60*P
scs*n)/t
p
N
p=numberofpickuplocations/trip
60=conversionfactorfromhtomin
P
scs=pickuptime/trip(h/trip)
n=numberofcollectors
t
p=pickuptime/pickuplocation(collection-min/location)

47. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 47
Analysis of a Collection System
Stationarycontainersystems(SCS){Manuallyloaded}
tp=dbc+k1Cn+k2(PRH)=0.72+0.18Cn+0.014(PRH)
Thenpropersizeofcollectionvehicle(m3/trip)
v=(V
p.N
p)/r
Cn=averageno.ofcontainers/pickuplocation
PRH=rearofhousepickuplocation(%)
V
p=Volumeofsolidwastescollected/pickuplocation
N
p=No.ofpickuplocations/trip
r=compactionratio

48. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 48
Assessment Time
Review
Question
Solidwastefromanewindustrialparkistobecollectedinlargecontainers
(dropboxes),someofwhichwillbeusedinconjunctionwithstationary
compactors.Basedontrafficstudiesatsimilarparks,itisestimatedthatthe
averagetimetodrivefromthegaragetothefirstcontainerlocation(t1)and
fromthelastcontainer(t2)tothegarageeachdaywillbe15and20min,
respectively.Iftheaveragetimerequiredtodrivebetweencontainersis6
minandtheone-waydistancetothedisposalsiteis15.5km(SpeedLimit=
55km/h),determinethenumberofcontainersthatcanbeemptiedperday,
basedonan8-hworkday.Assumetheoff-routefactor,W,isequalto0.15.
Usepc+uc=0.4h/trip;s–0.133h/trip;a–0.016h/trip;b–0.018h/trip;

49. SHWM –Module 2 –MUNICIPAL OF SOLID WASTES HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 49
End of this topic