Types of computer

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
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1. Types of computer

2. Computer Types Computer can be divided into different types on the following basis: On the basis of Construction On the basis of Configuration

3. Computer Types On the basis of Construction Analog Digital Hybrid On the basis of Configuration Palmtop Laptop Micro Mainframe Miniframe Super

4. On The basis of Construction Analog Computer

5. Analog Computer Analog computers are designed to measure continuous electrical or physical conditions, such as current, voltage, flow, temperature, length, or pressure. Purpose Mostly analog computers are special-purpose computers. Normally they are designed to perform some specific task not multiple tasks.

6. Analog Computer Key component The key component of the analog computer is the operational amplifier, and the computer's capacity is determined by the number of amplifiers. Examples Wrist watch (if non-digital), your car's speedometer, pressure, temperature, and fuel gauges are also considered analog computers.

7. Analog Computer Uses The output of an analog computer is often an adjustment to the control of a machine; such as, an adjustment to a valve that controls the flow of steam to a turbine generator. It is also used in temperature setting to control the ovens for baking. They have been widely used in simulating the operation of aircraft, nuclear power plants, and industrial chemical processes.

8. On The basis of Construction Digital Computer

9. Digital Computer Digital computers are designed to perform daily routine tasks such as writing letters, sending e-mails, performing calculations in an office or creating a database to store large amount of data etc. Purpose Digital computers may be either special or general purpose. Mostly these computers are designed to perform multiple tasks.

10. Digital Computer Key component today IC (Integrated Circuits) Examples Personal Computer, Laptop, Mainframe, Super Computer etc.

11. Digital Computer Uses Word Processing: Word processing is the most common application for personal digital computers. Accounting - Computers are ideal for keeping payroll records, printing paychecks, billing customers, preparing tax returns, and taking care of many of the other accounting tasks in an organization. Record keeping - Computers can record information like inventories and personnel files.

12. Digital Computer Uses Industrial Uses - Industrial computers save considerable time and reduce waste by efficiently performing hundreds of industrial tasks. Science - The research and development applications are the most numerous. Digital computers are being used to do lengthy and complicated mathematical calculations millions of times faster than human beings.

13. On The basis of Construction Hybrid Computer

14. Hybrid Computer A computer which possesses characteristics of both Analog and Digital computers is called Hybrid computer. Some computers combine the functions of both analog and digital computers. These computers are called Hybrid Computers.

15. Hybrid Computer Examples Cement plant, ECG machine, CNG pump

16. On The basis of Configuration Digital Computer can be further classified as: Micro computer

17. Micro Computer The microcomputers are also known as personal computers or simply PCs. They are also called Desktop computers. Microcomputers are the most common, smallest and very cheaper computers. They were introduced in 1970’s as a result of the development of microprocessor. A single microprocessor may carry more than hundred thousand transistors on a single silicon chip.

18. Micro Computer Size: A personal computer can be placed easily on any table or desk. Desktop PCs

19. Micro Computer Tower PCs

20. Micro Computer Uses They are being widely accepted and used in business, at home and in educational institutions. They are commonly known as personal computers and are usually single user machines but can be interconnected among themselves to form a Local Area Network.

21. On The basis of Configuration Laptop

22. Laptop Computer A laptop computer (also known as notebook computer) is a small mobile personal computer, usually weighing around from 1 to 3 kilograms (2 to 7 pounds). Notebooks smaller than an A4 sheet of paper and weighing around 1 kg are termed subnotebooks

23. Laptop Computer Construction Laptops contain components that are similar to those in their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions but are designed for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops have LCD displays for output. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad ) or a pointing stick for input, though an external mouse or keyboard can also be attached.

24. Laptop Uses Laptops are generally popular among students, travelers and businessmen. Laptops are capable of many of the same tasks that desktop computers perform..

25. Laptop Computer Examples NEC MobilePro 900c, HP 320LX, HP Jornada 720, and Vadem Clio

26. On The basis of Configuration Palmtop

27. Palmtop Computer A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. They are also called hand-held computers, pocket computers or PDA (Personal data assistant or pocket digital assistant)

28. Palmtop Computer Working The primary input device of a PDA is the stylus. A stylus is an electronic pen and looks like a small ballpoint pen. This input device is used to write notes and store in the PDA by touching the screen.

29. Palmtop Uses Palmtops are generally popular among students, travelers and businessmen.

30. On The basis of Configuration Mainframe computer

31. Mainframe Computer A mainframe (also known as "big iron") is a high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes that require greater availability and security of data than a smaller-scale machine can offer. In the past, a typical mainframe might have occupied 2,000 - 10,000 square feet. Now the mainframe computer specially requires a very large clean room with air-conditioner.

32. Mainframe Computer Working: Historically, mainframes have been associated with centralized rather than distributed computing. Mainframe computers are usually large and expensive computers. Thousands of users can work at a time on mainframe computers. For example, IBM, S/390 mainframe can support 50,000 users simultaneously.

33. Mainframe Computer Operating System Special operating systems are used on main frames such as z/VM, z/VSE™, Linux for System z™, and z/TPF.

34. Mainframe Computer Uses: The mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World Wide Web. The mainframe computers are used in large organizations such as Banks, Airlines and Universities etc. where many people (users) need frequent access to the same data, which is usually organized into one or more huge databases. Examples: IBM S/390, Control Data CYBER 176 and Amdahl 580

35. On The basis of Configuration Miniframe computer

36. Miniframe Computer Minicomputers were first introduced in early 1960s. A minicomputer is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the mainframe computers and the microcomputers. They are smaller than mainframes in size and other facilities, such as speed, storage capacity and services. Size: A minicomputer and its peripheral equipment can usually fill a small room. A minicomputer typically about the size and shape of a wardrobe, mounted in a single tall rack.

37. Miniframe Computer Working: Minicomputers are commonly used as servers like a small mainframe in a network environment and hundreds of users can be connected to the network with a minicomputer at a time. Now the terms "midrange computer" and "server" replaced the venerable minicomputer designation.

38. Miniframe Computer Uses The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other government departments. They are also widely used in industrial and small business application.

39. Miniframe Computer Examples: IBM’s AS 400, Hewlett Packard HP 3000 series, Data General’s MV/1500 etc.

40. On The basis of Configuration Super computer

41. Super Computer Super computer is a large computer or collection of computers that act as one large computer capable of processing enormous amounts of data. They are the fastest and most powerful type of computers. Size: A minicomputer and its peripheral equipment can usually fill a small room. A minicomputer typically about the size and shape of a wardrobe, mounted in a single tall rack.

42. Super Computer Working: A super computer can execute one instruction in Pico-seconds (thousand-billionth of a second). Mostly they are based on the principle of parallel processing. They have extraordinary high speed due to the use of several processors connected in parallel. Columbia is a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics for NASA. Its main purpose was to simulate the violent collision and merger of spiral galaxies.

43. Super Computer It is composed of 10,240 processors. It has 20 terabytes of Random-access memory, 440 terabytes of storage, and 10 petabytes of archive storage.

44. Super Computer Uses Super computers are normally used in large organizations, research laboratories, aerospace centers, large industrial units, atomic reactors or the places where very high processing speed is required.

45. Super Computer Examples: Cray 1, Cray 2 Cray XMP and CYBER 205