Types of feed

the presentation provides details regarding the natural and artificial feeds of fishes, purified and semipurified diets, feeds based on the moisture contents, the larval feeds including the most recent spray dried and vacuumdried feeds, microparticulate diets, the microencapsulated, the microcoated and the microbound diets, microextruded marumerisation, and particle associated rotated agglomeration

1. TYPES OF FEED

2. Presented by Akhila S Rabea Naz MFSc Fish Nutrition and feed technology K erala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Kochi Kerala 2

3. Aquaculture feeds Natural feeds Aquatic live feeds Non aquatic live feeds Artificial feeds/ compound feeds Purified or semi-purified feeds Practical diets 3

4. NATURAL FEEDS 4

5. Unicellular algae S ingle celled plants; act as major producers Filamentous algae Colonies of small algal cells attached together Lab – Lab Bottom mixed algae; Milk fish Aquatic live feeds Lumut Filamentous blue green algae; mullet B acteria and fungi M icrobial organisms that live on bottom detritus, dead phytoplankton cells,leaves, dead animal tissue Zooplankton Rotifers, copepods,cladocerans 5

6. Non – aquatic live feeds Mud eaters Chironomids, worms etc.. Other insect larvae Living in water 6 Mosquito larvae

7. ARTIFICIAL FEED 7 Purified or semi-purified feeds Practical diets

8. Stage of the life cycle U ses in farming practice Moisture content or form Practical diets 8

9. Based on moisture content or forms Non - dry feeds Wet feed Moist feed Semi- moist feed Dry feeds Meal /Mash Pellets Crumbles flakes 9

10. 1. WET FEEDS

11. WET FEED 11 Feeds containing moisture levels in the range of 45-70% are prepared from high moisture ingredients such as trash fish, fishery waste, slaughter house waste, etc. These feeds are made at the farm shed on a day-to-day basis and fed mainly to carnivorous fish such as sea bass, sea bream, eels, etc.

12. 2. MOIST FEEDS

13. Moist feeds moisture level in the range of 25-45% made from a mixture of high moisture ingredients as in wet feeds, and dry pulverized ingredients. Wet ingredients : Usually prepared by adding moisture and a hydro colloidal binding agent( eg: Carboxymethylcellulose, gelatinized starch, gelatin) Or fresh tissue (Liver, blood, ground fish and fish processing waste)

14. Moist feeds Some moist diets do not require frozen storage As they contain humectants like propylene glycol and sodium chloride(lower water activity, bacteria do not grow) Also contain fungistats like propionic acid and sorbic acid(retard mould growth) Diets must be packed in hermetically sealed containers, stored at low temperatures for best storage life Moisture enhances loss of vitamin C 14

15. Eel feeds are processed and stored dry but are moistened just before feeding 15

16. Moist diets Advantages Many fish species find soft diets more palatable than dry diets A pelleting machine is not needed, a food grinder will suffice Heating and drying are avoided Disadvantages Susceptible to microbial and oxidation spoilage unless fed immediately or frozen Should be heated to destroy possible pathogens and thiaminase 16

17. Oregon moist pellet Commercial moist feed developed for salmon smolts(stored frozen) 17

18. Oregon moist pellet formulation 18

19. Semi moist feed moisture content in the range of 15 to 25% have a minor contribution from high moisture ingredients. 19

20. 20 Wet, moist and semi-moist diets are considered to be more palatable to most species because of the soft consistency, and good growth and feed efficiency achieved. The major disadvantage of these feeds are  The transportation and storage under refrigeration until use to prevent spoilage  Irregular availability of fresh raw fish and other animal wastes in adequate quantities Introduction of pathogens, particularly from fishery wastes, if not adequately pasteurized Improper transportation and storage damage certain labile vitamins and lipids and favor propagation of fungi and bacteria in such feeds Unconsumed feeds may affect the water quality.

21. 3. DRY FEEDS 21

22. Dry feeds 22 contain moisture in the range 7-13%. easy to manufacture, transport, store and convenient to dispense into the culture systems. advantages : include bulk purchase and storage of ingredients option to select a wide variety of ingredients with specific nutritional characteristics. can be produced in different sizes to suit the specific needs of the larvae to specialized diets for brood stock. permit production of specialized feeds such as medicated feeds incorporated with specific medicines or antibiotics required to control any disease out breaks, hormones incorporated feeds to produce monosex individuals or for growth promotion or to induce maturation in fish and prawns. Dry feeds may be either prepared using dry ingredients alone or a mixture of wet and dry ingredients adequately processed and dried

23. Dry feeds may be made as meals, pellets, granules, flakes etc. MEALS/ MASHES Simple mixtures of dry ground ingredients made into a dough or paste or balls just before feeding at farm site fed to fish and prawns in trays or baskets or feed bags tied to poles in ponds(as is practiced in carp culture systems in India.) These type of feeds have poor water-stability and cause water quality problems due to the feed breaking-up and dissolving in water. 23

24. PELLETS FLOATING PELLETS For fish species which predominantly feed in the water surface or column, e.g. tilapia, trout, grouper, sea bass, carp etc. Enable observation on feeding activity and, to some extent, the health of the fish. But, overheating as required in the extrusion manufacturing process of floating pellets may reduce their nutritional value. SINKING PELLETS for bottom feeders like prawns (slow feeders) Ingredients with good binding agents should be used Extrusion processing is also a valuable tool for making it water-stable 24

25. GRANULES Pellets could be crumbled and graded through screens of different mesh to obtain granules required for feeding the different growth stages of fish and prawns. 25

26. FLAKES Flakes are not only nutritious and palatable , but float or sink slowly Do not disintegrate quickly in water Processed on rotary drum dryers Ingredients are ground to extremely fine particle size(0,1 mm) ( attrition mill) Blended with water to form a slurry , spread over the surface of a heated rotating cylinder to dry into a thin sheet Dried sheet is continuously scraped off the rotating drum and crumbled into flakes 26

27. FLAKES The formula must contain ingredients with good hydrocolloidal properties as well as tensile strength Chitin from shrimp shells was important in imparting the desired physical properties Compounds for external pigment enhancement is also added( astaxanthin in crustacean meal,canthaxanthin impart pink-red colour , xanthophylls from plant pigments impart yellow-orange colour. 27

28. Based on their stages of the life cycle Starter feed , crumbled or larval feeds or fry feeds Fingerling feeds(grower ) Grow out feeds Brood stock feeds Product quality feeds(specific purpose food) pigmented and medicated 28

29. 1. LARVAL FEEDS 29

30. LARVAL FEEDS The various types of artificial diets that have been considered for weaning larvae are: Minced diets Wet micro particulate diets Dry micro particulate diets Spray dried diets Microbound diets Micro coated Microencapsulated Flake diets Egg custard Live feeds 30

31. Minced diets A feed paste is prepared by homogenizing wet or wet and dry ingredients with additions of minerals and vitamin premix and binders and fed as such. 31

32. Wet microparticulate diets A custard diet prepared with chicken eggs, prawn flesh, clams, fish solubles , vitamins, minerals, feeding stimulants and wheat flour and homogenizing to get fine particles. desired size can be obtained by sieving. 32

33. Dry microparticulate diets Preparation of a water stable matrix of dry ingredients or a mixture of dry, moist and wet ingredients followed by suitable drying (freeze drying, vacuum drying, oven-drying), grinding and sieving to get desired particles. This is the most widely used type of artificial diet for larval rearing. 33

34. Spray dried diets Well mixed finely ground materials are sprayed into air and then dried. Particles ranging in size 50-100 microns are produced used for rearing marine fish larvae.  Characteristics of feed granules: Shape : Nearly spherical Size : 50 – 100 micron Solubility : Stable for 24 hrs. in water Swelling :15-20% increase in size Sinking : 5-10 cm/min. 34

35. Ingredient composition of spray dried and vacuum dried larval feeds and their characteristics 35 1. Spray-dried feed ingredient Percentage inclusion Shrimp (fresh) 20 White fish(fresh) 30 Wheat gluten 15 Milk powder 10 Egg yolk 5 Cow liver 5 Soybean oil 5 Grape sugar 5 Vitamin mixture 5

36. Characteristics of feed granules: Shape : Nearly spherical Size : 240-420 microns Solubility : Not dissolved in water for 10 hrs. Swelling : 20-30% increase in size Sinking : 1.5 cm / min 36 Vacuum Dried Feed 2. Vacuum-dried feed ingredient Percentage inclusion Frozen fish 30.6 Shrimp (Fresh) 30.6 Egg yolk 10.2 Wheat gluten 20.5 Grape sugar 2.0 Vitamin mixture 6.1

37. Microbound diets These are powdered diets with a binder. Carrageenan, agar, zein, alginic acid and gelatin microbound diets are produced for fishes. An outline for the procedure for preparation of microbound diet preparation is : 37

38. Preparation of a micro particulate diet bound with carrageenan 38

39. Micro bound diets Crumbled Pellet is prepared first and then crumbled On – size feeds Prepared to the suitable size Micro extruded Marumerization(MEM) Particle associated rotated agglomeration(PARA) 39

40. Granulator 40

41. Granulator 41

42. Micro coated diets These diets are prepared by coating micro bound diets with some materials such as zein and cholesterol-lecithin. 42

43. Microencapsulated diets The concept of a miniature packaging assemble (a microcapsule) in which liquids or particulate dietary components are enclosed in a carefully engineered wall, which release under specific macro or micro environmental conditions Release of the internal nutrient components at active sites can be accomplished by rupture (enzymatic pH change or bacterial action) of the capsule wall major advantage of capsulated diets is that there is minimal loss of nutrients within the aqueous environment thus minimizing organic load in the system and alterations in oxygen and pH levels. The capsules can be produced in a range of sizes that can be offered to the fish larvae and fry as they grow.

44. Nylon-protein Microen Capsulated Diet (MED) Gelatin Gum Acacia MED Egg Albumin MED Categories of microencapsulated diet Glycopeptides MED Chitosan (MED) 44

45. Preparation of nylon-protein microencapsulated diet

46. Flake diets prepared through a double drum dryer processing unit is a potential feed for fish. Flakes can be reduced to small particle sizes by grinding and sieving without reducing the basic stability characteristics. Ingestion rates of the feed could be enhanced by using suitable binders, flavors and colours. Larval stages of striped bass, perch, and Atlantic silverside have been reared on flake particles.

47. Egg custard Egg based larval meal Composition Egg albumin PBM or shrimp,squid,bivalve meal Fish oil/palm oil Milk powder Vitamin and mineral premix(Vitamin premix contained (as g/kg) ascorbic acid, 300; inositol, 125; niacin, 50; riboflavin, 15; pyridoxine, 12; thiamin mononitrite, 15; retinyl acetate, 1.72; cholecalciferol, 0.025; menadione sodium bisulphite, 5; biotin, 0.5; folic acid, 2.5; DL‐ α‐ tocopheryl acetate, 50; vitamin B 12 , 0.025; calpan, 25. Mineral premix contained (as g/kg) calcium phosphate·H 2 O (mono di‐Calcium phosphate), 397.65; calcium lactate, 327; ferrous sulfate·H 2 O, 25; magnesium sulfate·7H 2 O, 137; potassium chloride, 50; sodium chloride 60; potassium iodide, 0.15; copper sulfate·5H 2 O, 0.785; manganese oxide, 0.8; cobalt carbonate, 0.1; zinc oxide, 1.5; sodium selenite·5H 2 O, 0.02. 48

48. 49

49. 2.FINGERLING FEEDS 50

50. Juvenile or grower feeds Feed specification varies with various life stages E.g. : For tilapia(> 10 g size), usually contain 30 – 40% protein

51. 3.GROWOUT FEEDS

52. Grow – out or finisher feeds Adult fishes E.g. : for tilapia (>300g), usually contain 20 – 28 % protein

53. 4.BROOD STOCK FEEDS

54. Brood fish feeds Usually supplemented with live or fresh animal parts Usually fortified with extra vitamins and trace elements In salmonids, carotenoid pigments are added to enhance egg pigmentation

55. 5.PRODUCT QUALITY FEEDS

56. Medicated feed Any feed which contains drug ingredients intended or presented for the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease of animals other than man or which contains drug ingredients intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of animals other than man (AAFCO, 2000). E.g. : antibiotics incorporated feeds

57. Hormone treated diets FCE (feed conversion efficiency) are higher in intact males than in females For monosex culture practices E.g. : 2MKT provided in GIFT tilapia 58

58. Pigment incorporated Carotenoid pigments are usually incorporated into the feeds E.g. : astaxanthin Salmons , carps , cichlids, tilapias , gold fish etc.. 59

59. Based on their uses in farming practice Supplementary feeds Supplement the natural food sources which supply major nutrients only Traditional, extensive, modified extensive, semi-intensive Complete feed Supply all energy requirements, all gross major nutrients and micro nutrients Intensive and super-intensive 60

60. Thanks! Any questions? 61

61. REFERENCE MPEDA, Hand Book on Aqua farming, AQUACULTURE FEEDS – Dr .R. Paul raj, Senior Scientist, Nutrition, CMFRI, Cochin Nutrition and feeding of fish – Tom Lovell Fish nutrition and feed technology – a teaching manual 62

62. Credits Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: Presentation template by SlidesCarnival Photographs by Unsplash 63