Types of fractures

This power point is made by collecting illustrations from different sources in order to make a complete presentation. it has been made in the pretext of veterinary medicine

1. Types of fractures Types of fractures
Shaft – diaphysis and Shaft – diaphysis and
2 extremities , 2 extremities ,
epiphysisepiphysis
Marrow cavityMarrow cavity

2. Def : fracture Def : fracture
Complete/ Complete/
incomplete break – incomplete break –
continuity – bone / continuity – bone /
cartilage or both, cartilage or both,
with or without with or without
displacement of displacement of
fracture fragmentsfracture fragments
Assoc. soft tissue Assoc. soft tissue
damagedamage

3. Type of Fracture: Type of Fracture:
2.2.Cause, mild/ Cause, mild/
severesevere
3.3.Bone involved: Bone involved:
Young / old / Young / old /
cortical / cancellouscortical / cancellous
4.4.Site of fractureSite of fracture
5.5.Temperament of Temperament of
animalanimal

4. Etiology: Etiology:
• Extrinsic – trauma Extrinsic – trauma
and forces – act on and forces – act on
bonebone
c.c.Direct trauma: Direct trauma:
Automobile accident Automobile accident
(80 %)(80 %)
Fall from a heightFall from a height
Usually comminuted/ Usually comminuted/
multiple typemultiple type

5. a.a.Indirect : arises during Indirect : arises during
running , jumping or falling of running , jumping or falling of
an animalan animal
Forces like bending , Forces like bending ,
torsional , compressive and torsional , compressive and
shearing are transmitted – shearing are transmitted –
weak link within the boneweak link within the bone

6. Bending forcesBending forces
When it overcomes When it overcomes
– elastic limit of a – elastic limit of a
bone- cortex bone- cortex
opposite to force – opposite to force –
breaks – additional breaks – additional
force- complete force- complete
fracturefracture
Oblique or Oblique or
transverse fracturestransverse fractures
Steps into a hole Steps into a hole
while runningwhile running

7. Torsional forceTorsional force
Bone is twisted Bone is twisted
along its ling axis.along its ling axis.
Result – one end is Result – one end is
fixed and other is fixed and other is
forced to rotateforced to rotate
Long / short spiral Long / short spiral
fracturefracture

8. Compressive forces Compressive forces
One end is fixed – other is forced One end is fixed – other is forced
towards fixed end – compacted / towards fixed end – compacted /
compression fracturecompression fracture

9. ShearingShearing
Force transmitted Force transmitted
along long axis – along long axis –
transferred to a portion transferred to a portion
of the same bone – of the same bone –
peripheral to the axis peripheral to the axis
Fracture line – parallel Fracture line – parallel
to direction of applied to direction of applied
forceforce
Eg: fracture of bony Eg: fracture of bony
prominencesprominences

10. Intrinsic causesIntrinsic causes
Cause Inside bodyCause Inside body
Related to violent m. Related to violent m.
contraction/ local or systemic contraction/ local or systemic
diseasesdiseases
c.c.Muscular contraction: Skeletal m. Muscular contraction: Skeletal m.
– violently – chip off – bone – – violently – chip off – bone –
attachment insertion/ origin)attachment insertion/ origin)
Avulsion fracturesAvulsion fractures
Immature animals – commonImmature animals – common
Acromion , greater trochanter, tibial Acromion , greater trochanter, tibial
tuberosity, calcaneal of fibular tuberosity, calcaneal of fibular
tarsaltarsal

11. B. Pathological: local / B. Pathological: local /
systemic dis. – bones – systemic dis. – bones –
abnormal/ weak – abnormal/ weak –
fracture with wt.fracture with wt.
Bone tumours, cysts, Bone tumours, cysts,
osteoporosis, bone osteoporosis, bone
infections, rickets , infections, rickets ,
osteoporosis by osteoporosis by
prolonged fixationsprolonged fixations

12. ClassificationClassification
1.1.Basis of comminucation of the site to the Basis of comminucation of the site to the
environment: Simple (closed)environment: Simple (closed)
Compound (open)Compound (open)
Simple: Simple: no wound at surfaceno wound at surface
no communicationno communication
Compound: Compound: open woundopen wound
communicationcommunication
prone to infectionprone to infection

13. 2. Extent of fracture: 2. Extent of fracture:
completecomplete
IncompleteIncomplete
Incomplete: Incomplete:
1. 1. green stickgreen stick – cortex – cortex
opp. To bending opp. To bending
breaks and under the breaks and under the
force remains intactforce remains intact
Immature animals – Immature animals –
elastic nature of boneelastic nature of bone

14. 2. Fissure fracture2. Fissure fracture; ;
Direct trauma – Direct trauma –
incomplete fractureincomplete fracture
3. Depression 3. Depression
fracturefracture; A small ; A small
portion of cortex – portion of cortex –
depressed into its depressed into its
parent bone – Maxilla parent bone – Maxilla
and frontal bonesand frontal bones

15. Complete fracturesComplete fractures
Complete loss of Complete loss of
bone continuity bone continuity
and bone – div. – and bone – div. –
2 or more 2 or more
fragmentsfragments
On the basis of On the basis of
direction of the direction of the
fracture lines: fracture lines:
3.3.Transverse- result Transverse- result
of bending forceof bending force

16. 2.Oblique – Bending + 2.Oblique – Bending +
axial compression – axial compression –
diagonal to long axisdiagonal to long axis
3. Spiral : Frac. Line 3. Spiral : Frac. Line
spirals the long axis spirals the long axis
of bone(torsion, of bone(torsion,
twisting/ rotational twisting/ rotational
forces)forces)

17. 4.4.Comminuted: 2 or more Comminuted: 2 or more
fracture lines fracture lines
interconnect each other interconnect each other
at one point.(butterfly at one point.(butterfly
fracture)fracture)
5.5.Multiple fracture: 2 or Multiple fracture: 2 or
more – frac. Lines – more – frac. Lines –
donot interconnect – donot interconnect –
div. the bone into 3 or div. the bone into 3 or
more fracture more fracture
fragments. – severe fragments. – severe
soft tissue injuries- soft tissue injuries-
healing time is morehealing time is more

18. 6.6.Impacted fracture: Impacted fracture:
cortical end is cortical end is
impacted into impacted into
cancellous – usually cancellous – usually
at junction of at junction of
diaphysis and diaphysis and
metaphysis of a metaphysis of a
long bonelong bone

19. 7. Compression 7. Compression
fracture: Cancellous fracture: Cancellous
bone collapses – bone collapses –
compresses upon compresses upon
itself- eg. Frac. Of itself- eg. Frac. Of
vertebral bodies – vertebral bodies –
spine traumaspine trauma

20. 8.8.Avulsion fracture: Avulsion fracture:
Part of the bone is Part of the bone is
torn awaytorn away

21. Basis of anatomical Basis of anatomical
locationlocation
nDiaphyseal Diaphyseal
fracture: 1/3fracture: 1/3
rdrd
, ,
2/32/3
rdrd
or distal 3 or distal 3
rdrd

nMetaphyseal Metaphyseal
fracture: Distal / fracture: Distal /
proximalproximal
nEpiphyseal: Epiphyseal:
Distal / proximalDistal / proximal

22. 4. Condylar : frac. 4. Condylar : frac.
Lines pass Lines pass
through condyles through condyles
or between or between
condylescondyles
Eg; distal end of Eg; distal end of
humerus / femurhumerus / femur
Further classified as Further classified as
medial/ lateral medial/ lateral
/.intercondylar/ /.intercondylar/
supracondylar supracondylar

23. 5. Articular: frac. Of 5. Articular: frac. Of
subchondral bonesubchondral bone
6. fracture dislocation: 6. fracture dislocation:
results into a joint results into a joint
instability – luxation of instability – luxation of
joint eg: Montegia joint eg: Montegia
fracture of olecranon fracture of olecranon
process and dislocation of process and dislocation of
elbow joint. elbow joint.