Types of heart Surgeries

1. Types of heart Surgeries Shruti Mokashi

2. Heart surgery Cardiovascular (heart) surgery  is  surgery  on the  heart  or  great vessels  performed by cardiac  surgeons . Frequently, it is done to treat complications of  ischemic heart disease  (for example,  coronary artery bypass grafting ), correct  congenital heart disease , or treat  valvular heart disease  from various causes including  endocarditis ,  rheumatic heart disease  and  atherosclerosis . It also includes  heart transplantation .

3. Types of Heart Surgeries Open heart surgery Open heart surgery is a surgery in which the patient's heart is open and surgery is performed on the internal structures of the heart. It was soon discovered by Dr.  Wilfred G. Bigelow  of the  University of Toronto  that the repair of intracardiac pathologies was better done with a bloodless and motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and drained of blood.

4. Types of Open Heart Surgeries Modern beating-heart surgery In the early 1990s surgeons began to perform  Off-pump coronary artery bypass , done without  cardiopulmonary bypass . In these operations, the heart is beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect the conduit vessel that bypasses the blockage using a technique known as  endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH).

5. Types of Open Heart Surgeries Minimally invasive surgery A new form of heart surgery that has grown in popularity is  robot-assisted heart surgery . This is where a machine is used to perform surgery while being controlled by the heart surgeon. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision made in the patient. Instead of an incision being at least big enough for the surgeon to put his hands inside, it does not have to be bigger than 3 small holes for the robot's much smaller hands to get through .

6. Types of Open Heart Surgeries Pediatric cardiovascular surgery Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is surgery of the heart of children.  Russell M. Nelson  performed the first successful pediatric cardiac operation at the  Salt Lake General Hospital in March 1956, a total repair of  tetralogy of Fallot  in a four-year-old girl .

7. Types of Heart Surgeries Heart transplant In 1945 the Soviet Pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another without killing any.  Norman Shumway is widely regarded as the father of heart transplantation although the world's first adult human heart transplant was performed by a  South African  cardiac surgeon,  Christiaan Barnard , utilizing the techniques developed and perfected by Shumway and  Richard Lower .Barnard performed the first transplant on  Louis Washkansky  on December 3, 1967 at the  Groote Schuur Hospital  in  Cape Town , South Africa

8. Types of Heart Surgeries Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting [CABG] Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is the most common type of open-heart surgery according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute. This is a surgical procedure done in order to give blood another path to travel in order to supply the heart and the body. Another way of describing this procedure is known as revascularization. Revascularization means that there is another supply of blood created in order to avoid and limit clot formation. This can be done in many different ways and the arteries that create this revascularization can be taken from several different areas of the body .

9. Types of Heart Surgeries Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization Transmyocardial laser revascularization , or TMR, is surgery used to treat angina. TMR is most often used when no other treatments work. For example, if you've already had one CABG procedure and can't have another one, TMR might be an option. For some people, TMR is combined with CABG. If TMR is done alone, the procedure may be performed through a small opening in the chest .

10. Types of Heart Surgeries Heart Valve Repair or Replacement For the heart to work well, blood must flow in only one direction. The heart's valves make this possible. Healthy valves open and close in a precise way as the heart pumps blood.

11. Types of Heart Surgeries Heart Valve Repair or Replacement For the heart to work well, blood must flow in only one direction. The heart's valves make this possible. Healthy valves open and close in a precise way as the heart pumps blood.

12. Types of Heart Surgeries Off-Pump Heart Surgery Surgeons also use off-pump, or beating heart, surgery to do CABG. This approach is like traditional open-heart surgery because the chest bone is opened to access the heart. However, the heart isn't stopped, and a heart-lung bypass machine isn't used.

13. Types of Heart Surgeries Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery For minimally invasive heart surgery, a surgeon makes small incisions (cuts) in the side of the chest between the ribs. This type of surgery may or may not use a heart-lung bypass machine. Minimally invasive heart surgery is used to do some bypass and maze surgeries. It's also used to repair or replace heart valves, insert pacemakers or ICDs, or take a vein or artery from the body to use as a bypass graft for CABG.

14. Types of Heart Surgeries Stent Coronary stents  are placed during a  percutaneous coronary intervention , also known as  angioplasty . The most common use for coronary stents is in the  coronary arteries , into which a  bare-metal stent , a  drug-eluting stent , a bioabsorbable stent, a  dual-therapy stent  (combination of both drug and bioengineered stent), or occasionally a covered stent is inserted.

15. Types of Heart Surgeries Stents Vascular stents are commonly placed as part of  peripheral artery angioplasty . Common sites treated with peripheral artery stents include the  carotid ,  iliac , and  femoral  arteries. Because of the external compression and mechanical forces subjected to these locations, flexible stent materials such as  nitinol  are used in a majority of peripheral stent placements .

16. Bibliography Wikipedia www.reference.com Visual encyclopedia IB Diploma textbook

17. Thank You Very Much