Types of Infectious Diseases In Prisoners.

Infectious diseases in prisoners.

1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
IN PRISONER
By : Vanaraj Rabari
Clinical Research Coordinator
HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad, INDIA
1

2. A.Bacterial Diseases
1.Tuberculosis
2. MRSA
3. Meningococcal
4. Diphtheria
2

3. B. Viral Infections
5. HIV
6. Hepatitis B & C
7. Covid-19
8. STDs Infections

3

4. 1.Tuberculosis
- Prevalence of active TB was 2.5
times higher in high TB burden
countries when compared to
low burden countries
4

5. 1. Tuberculosis
-Risk increases rapidly over 5 years,
reaching a peak of more than
1300 cases per 100,000 person-
years, being 30 times greater
than general population
5

6. 1. Tuberculosis
-In incarcerated individuals living
with HIV, the odds of
tuberculosis were more than 3
times higher than in those
living without HIV
6

7. 1.1 TB Control Steps
-Routine screening require
- Rapid active nucleic acid
amplification test for active
case finding effectively
-Proper ventilation in facility
7

8. 1.1 TB Control Steps
-Tuberculosis preventive therapy
should be prioritised in all
incarcerated individuals with
HIV infection
8

9. 2.MRSA
- Many people, including inmates
and corrections officers, carry
MRSA in their nose or on their
skin and do not know they are
carrying it.
9

10. 2.MRSA
-MRSA, are spread by direct
skin-to-skin contact
- MRSA can also enter the body
when non-sterile equipment is
used in body piercing and
tattooing
10

11. 2.1 MRSA Control
Steps
- Take care of your skin and any
cuts or scratches
- Carefully dispose of bandages
containing pus or blood
- Cover damaged skin and
draining wounds with bandages
11

12. 3.Meningococcal
- In the case of meningococcal
infection surveillance of high-
risk populations such as
prisoners is necessary for timely
identification of outbreaks and
prophylaxis
12

13. 3.Meningococcal
- Among men entering jail, those
who had previously been
incarcerated were more often
carriers than those who had not
13

14. 3. Meningococcal
- PCR and Pencillin susceptibility
test shold perform for
identification of pathogen
14

15. 3. Meningococcal
- Multi-Locus Sequence Typing test
sholud be performed for
identification of pathogen
15

16. 3.1 Meningococcal
control steps
- Meningococcal conjugate
vaccines help to fight agianst
disease
16

17. 3.1 Meningococcal
control steps
- Avoid close contact with sick
person
17

18. 4. Diphtheria
- Prison inmates are highly
susceptible for several
infectious diseases, including
vaccine-preventable diseases
18

19. 4.1 Diphtheria control
Steps
- Vaccination should be done
against infection
19

20. 5. HIV Infection
- Estimated global HIV prevalence
in prisoners is 3% according to
UNDOC, 2020
20

21. 5. HIV Infection
- Prisoners are 5 times more likely
to have HIV than other people
21

22. 5. HIV Infection
- Factor responsible for the
transmission of of HIV in prison
: Injecting drugs with shared,
Unsterilized needles and
syringes, tattooing with shared
22

23. 5.1 HIV Control Steps
-Ensuring that all prisoners have
their basic rights to health care
observed
- Ending overcrowding
23

24. 5.1 HIV Control Steps
- Reduce the atmosphere of
violence
24

25. 6. Hepatitis B & C
- Prisoners are one of the groups
at most risk for hepatitis

25

26. 6. Hepatitis B & C
- Prisoners who had a history of
blood transfusion, and dental
extraction were independently
associated with hepatitis C virus
infection.

26

27. 6. Hepatitis B & C
- Prisons, which are hazardous
places for various contagious
diseases, carry additional risks
for HBV and HCV because of
the communal lifestyle

27

28. 6.1 Hepatitis B & C
Control Steps
- Adequate training should be
given to prisoners in health
planning and prevention in
order to prevent further spread
of the disease in prisons and
the community.

28

29. 6.1 Hepatitis B & C
Control Steps
- Efforts are needed to improve
HCV screening and
interventions, particularly
among people with a history of
drug use, and linkage to care.
29

30. 7. Covid19 Infection
- Health risks within prisons are
well known and have worsened
with the 2019 coronavirus
pandemic (COVID-19),
becoming a public health
emergency.
30

31. 7. Covid19 Infection
- A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak inside a
prison is extremely rapid
31

32. 7.1 Covid19 Infection
Control Steps
- The most common COVID-19
prevention methods were the
screening of the entire
population inside the prison
through swab analysis and the
reduction of overcrowding in
prisons.
32

33. 7.1 Covid19 Infection
Control Steps
- The most common COVID-19
prevention methods were the
screening of the entire
population inside the prison
through swab analysis and the
reduction of overcrowding in
prisons.
33

34. 8. STDs Infections
- Prevalence of STIs in prisoners
including HIV, HBV, HCV,
Syphilis, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea,
and HSV-2, was relatively
higher than the general
population

34

35. 8. STDs Infections
- STIs infection among prisons with
drug abuse, low educational
levels, and unsafe sex as major
risk factors

35

36. 8.1 STDs Infection
- The 01 year period following
arrest or release from
incarceration represents a high-
impact opportunity to reduce
STI and HIV infection rates at
population level

36

37. 8.1 STDs Infections
Control Steps
-Various Screening Test Should
be performed for the detection
: Nucleic acid laboratory test,
Ag/Ab rapid test, Anti‐HCV Ab
test with HCV RNA nucleic acid
test confirmation

37

38. 8.1 STDs Infection
Control Steps
-Rapid Plasma Reagin test
-Treponema pallidum
Micro‐hemagglutination assay,
Anyplex CT/NG Seegene
technique
38

39. 8.1 STDs Infection
Control Steps
-cost‐effective measures are
necessary to be taken for
limiting the risk factors,
intensifying harm reduction
programs, and enforcing global
STI prevention guidelines in
prisons.
39

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59. Thank You
59