Types of parallelism

Parallelism and types of Parallelism

1. Types of Parallelism

2. Types of Parallelism Presented to: Ms. Atyah Rahman Presented by: Rashida Kausar Bhatti (3021) 4 th Semester, M.Phil Linguistics Lahore Leads University, Lahore 3 December 1,2013

3. Rashida Kausar Bhatti Introduction 4 December 1,2013

4. Parallelism Linguistic phenomenon Explains the relationship that may be understood between units of linguistic structures In parallelism, there is always a relationship in the structures and ideas so just apposed generally in the form of synonymy, repetition, antithesis, apposition and other forms. 5 December 1,2013

5. Definition “Sameness relationship between two sections of a text.”Example: “Out of sight-out of mind.” (Fabb,1997) “Parallelism is the most useful and flexible aspect of poetic language.”(Leech 1969). 6 December 1,2013

6. Common Examples of Parallelism Like father, like son. The escaped prisoner was wanted dead or alive. Easy come, easy go. Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy. Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe. 7 December 1,2013

7. “A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens “ It was the be st of times , it was the wor st of times , it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity , it was the season of Light , it was the season of Darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair.” Repetition of Parallel structures Phonological Lexical Structural 8 December 1,2013

8. Example الرحمان ۔علمہ القران-خلق الانسان-علمہ البیان- (آیات۔ ۱ تا ۴ :سورہ الرحمان۵۵) ترجمہ:(خدا)نہایت ہی مہربان-اس نے قرآن کی تعلیم فرمائی-اسی نے انسان کو پیدا کیا- اسی نےاس کو سکھایا- 9 December 1,2013

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10. Types of Parallelism Phonological parallelism Morphological parallelism Grammatical / Syntactical parallelism Lexical / Semantic parallelism  Extended parallelism 11 December 1,2013

11. Phonological Parallelism Repetition of similar sounds Includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme 12 December 1,2013

12. Assonance: R epetition of vowel sounds Edgar Allen Poe's famous poem "The Raven" is: "the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain. Repetition of “ ur ” sound 13 December 1,2013

13. Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of the words. J.K. Rowling of the Harry Potter series uses this lot with names. For example, "Severus Snape," "Luna Love good," "Rowena Raven claw," etc. 14 December 1,2013

14. Consonance: Repetition of the same consonant several times in a row, but this time the consonants can appear anywhere in the words. For example, “Humpty Dumpty." 15 December 1,2013

15. Rhyme: Repetition of similar sounding words. There are a lot of different types of rhyme, but usually they are things like "tap" and "map"; “Best and worst”. 16 December 1,2013

16. Morphological Parallelism Repetition of Morphemes Less used than Syntactic parallelism “ I kissed thee ere I killed thee .” Shakespear,Othello.Act III:Sc.III:pg 358 Repetition in tensed morpheme “ed” 17 December 1,2013

17. Nazish Ashfaq 18 December 1,2013

18. Syntactic Parallelism Focuses more "grammatical“ Short (1985) quotes the following line from Shakespeare's Othello as the "best example ever" of parallelism: Example:1 “ I kissed thee ere I killed thee .” 19 December 1,2013

19. ‘The tragedy of Julius Ceasar .’ “ Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Ceaser , not to praise him .” (William Shakespear.The tragedy of Julius Ceaser .) 20 December 1,2013

20. Examples from Novel “To the light house” by Virginia Woolf 1 . Sentence parallelism : ...that was what she was thinking, this was what she was doing…(113) 2. Main-clause parallelism : …she would never for a single second regret her decision, evade difficulties, or slur over duties. (11) 3. Sub-clause parallelism : As summer neared, as the evenings lengthened, there cameto… (179) 4 . Phrase parallelism: Once in the middle of the night with a roar, with a rupture, as after a centuries… (177) 5. Word parallelism : …able only to go on watching, asking, wondering. (198) 21 December 1,2013

21. Levels of Syntactic Parallelism 22 December 1,2013

22. Public Speech by Martin Luther King, Jr "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.' I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood... I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream "speech 23 December 1,2013

23. Lexical / Semantic Parallelism Repetition of lexical items Lexical equivalents need not have the same syntactic function or parts of speech in the two sentences in which they occur May identical in form and in meaning, or they may be related by lexico-semantic relationship, such as synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy. 24 December 1,2013

24. Examples Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and to ride a bicycle. Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and riding a bicycle. 25 December 1,2013

25. Examples He is talented , intelligent and has charm . He is talented, intelligent and charming . The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly , accurate ly , and in a detailed manner. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly . 26 December 1,2013

26. Effects of parallelism Antithesis : o pposite ideas are put together Alexander Pope in his “An Essay on Criticism” uses antithetic parallel structure: “To err is human; to forgive divine.” 27 December 1,2013

27. Synonymous is a kind of Parallelism in which theme of first line repeats itself in second line.   ترجمہ:(خدا)نہایت ہی مہربان-اس نے قرآن کی تعلیم فرمائی-اسی نے انسان کو پیدا کیا- اسی نےاس کو سکھایا- (آیات۔ ۱ تا ۴ :سورہ الرحمان۵۵ ) 28 December 1,2013

28. The repetitive structures “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens “What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?” Poem ““The Tyger ” by William Blake 29 December 1,2013

29. Extended Parallelism Usually found in Jokes, novels and funny stories where Parallelism go on longer Example: Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Al Gore die and go to meet God. Al goes first. God asks him: ‘Who are you?’ Al replies: ‘I am the Vice-President of the United States of America!’ God says: ‘Very well, come and sit on my left-hand side.’ Bill goes next. God asks him: ‘Who are you?’ Bill replies: ‘I am the President of the United States of America!’ God says: ‘Very well, come and sit on my right-hand side.’  Hillary goes last. God asks her: ‘And who are you?’ Hillary replies: ‘I am Hillary Clinton, and what are you doing sitting in my place?!!’ 30 December 1,2013

30. References MINGZHU Z(2012) The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis of Woolfian Parallelism in To the Lighthouse. Minzu University of China. IJES http://revistas.um.es/ijes Retrieved on November 20,2013 Leech, G. (1969)  A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry . Longman Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007)  Style in Fiction  (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd. Jakobson , Roman. 1987. "The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry." In Language in Literature. K. Pomorska and S. Rudy, eds. Pp. 121-144. Cambridge, MA: The Belnap Press of Harvard University 31 December 1,2013

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