Types of parasitoids and parasitism ppt

This ppt contains some information about what are all the types of parasitoids? and their mode of parasitism.

1. By, L.N.Nisha I-PhD-ENTOMOLOGY Types of parasitoids and parasitism 1

2. Classification of parasitoid Based on stages of attack Based on number per host Based on feeding type Based on tropic level (or) Food web relationship Based on host range Based on parasitism Based on other categories 2

3. Based on stages of attack 3 Egg parasitoid Begins and completes the life cycle in the eggs of the host Eg - Mymaridae , Platygastridae and Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma chilonis on eggs of cotton bollworm, sugarcane borers and rice leaf folder

4. Larval parasitoid 4 Begins and completes the life cycle in the larva of the host Eg - Braconidae , Bethylidae and Ichneumonidae Bracon brevicornis on coconut BHC

5. Pupal parasitoid 5 Begins and completes life cycle in the pupae of the host Eg - Trichospilus pupivora ( Eulophidae ) and Brachymeria nephantidis ( Chalcididae ) on pupa of coconut BHC

6. Egg-larval parasitoid 6 Begins the life cycle in the egg stage of the host and completes in larval stage Eg - Chelonus blackburnii ( Braconidae ) on cotton bollworm

7. Larval- pupal parasitoid 7 Begins the life cycle in the larval stage of the host and completes in the pupal stage Eg - Isotima javensis ( Ichneumonidae ) on sugarcane top borer

8. Nymphal - adult parasitoid 8 Begins the life cycle in the nymphal stage and completes in the adult stage of the host Eg - Encarsia formosa ( Aphelinidae ) on cotton whitefly, Epiricania melanoleuca ( Epipyrophidae ) on sugarcane leaf hopper and Aphelinus mali ( Aphelinidae ) on aphids

9. Based on numbers per host 9 Solitary parasitoid - Single parasite develops in the single host. Eg - Ichneumonidae Gregarious parasitoid – Many larvae develops and matured in the single host. Eg - Braconidae

10. 10 Poly-embryonic parasitoid – 1000’s per host. It is the extended version of gregarious parasitoids. Important polyembryonic parasitoid families are Platygastridae , Encyrtidae and Dryinidae .

11. Based on feeding type 11 Ecto parasitoid- An insect parasite which feed externally on the host body and complete their development externally on its host. Eg - Epiricania melanoleuca on sugarcane Pyrilla .

12. 12 Endo parasitoid- An insect parasite which complete their development within or inside the host body. Eg - Aphelinus mali on Apple wooly aphid.

13. Based on host range 13 Monophagous - Attacks single host species- G. nephantidis on coconut BHC. Polyphagous - Attacks widely differing species. Example is Trichogramma spp. Oligophagous - Attacks closely related species- Braconidae , Ichneumonidae .

14. Parasitism ?????? 14 Relationship between host insects and parasitoid One is going to be beneficial at the cost of host This is a kind of symbiosis in which parasitoid lives at the expense of the host and killing the host in the process of development Parasitization is an act of attack and ovipositioning the eggs with the help of ovipositor by the parasitoid on the host

15. Based on parasitism 15 Simple parasitism- One parasitoid species attack one host. G. nephantidis on coconut BHC. Super parasitism- Attack a single host by many individuals belonging to same species, that can mature in the host. Trichospilus pupivora on pupae of coconut BHC. Multiple parasitism- Attack a single host by many individuals belonging to different species. Eriborus trochanteratus ( Ichneumonidae ) and G. nephantidis on the larvae of coconut BHC.

16. 16 Auto parasitism- Otherwise called as adelphoparasitism . Female develops as a primary parasitoid but the male is a secondary parasitoid through female of its own species. This is also called as heteronomous hyperparasitoids . Example is Encarsia formosa attacking scale insects and whiteflies. Cleptoparasitism - A parasitoid attacking a host, already parasitized by another species of parasitoid. Pine shoot moth attacked by either Eurytoma pini ( Eurytomidae ) or Rhyacionia buoliana .

17. 17 Hyperparasitism - A parasitoid attacking another parasitoid. Pleurotropis sp hyperparasitoid on Bracon brevicornis a primary parasitoid. Based on other categories Idiobionts The parasitoids are those which prevent any further development of the host after initial paraitiztion No development is possible in the host Venom keeping fresh Select fully developed insects

18. 18 Koinobionts The venom injection is temporary Allows the host to continue its development Select younger instars The host becomes an adult There are two types of koinobionts parasitoids Ecto and endo parasitoids

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