Types of Tourism

All types of Tourism

1. Types of Tourism

2. MASS TOURISM

3. •MassTourismisatypeoftourismthatinvolvesgroupof
manytourist(tensofthousandsofpeople)goingtothe
sameresort/destinationoftenatthesametimeofyear.
•Itisthemostpopulartypeoftourismasitisoftenthe
cheapestwaytoholiday,andisoftensoldasapackage
deal.
•Apackagedealisoneinwhichallofthetouristsneeds
arecateredforbyonecompany(Yatra.Com),these
needsincludetravel/flights,activities,accommodation
andsometimesfood(CP,APorMAP).
•MassTourismisorganisedtourismforlargenumbersof
people.

4. •Therearemanytypesofmasstourism,includingskiing
inthemountains,sunbathingonabeach,visitinga
themepark(e.g.EuroDisneynearParis)ortakinga
cruise.
•Governmentsandlocalpeopleoftensupportmass
tourismbecauseitgeneratesalotofincomeforlocal
areas.

5. Mass tourism has both positive and negative
impacts..!

6. Positive Negative
Economic
Impacts
•Brings Money into local
economy.
•Createsjobs for local people.
•Increases the income of
industries that supply
tourism e.g. Farming
•Alot of the profit made from tourism
is kept by the large travel companies
rather than going to the local
economy.
Social
Impacts
•Lots of jobs means young
peopleare more likely to
stay in the area.
•Improved roads,
infrastructure and
communications benefit local
people.
•Income from tourism can be
reinvested in local
community projects
•The tourism jobs availableto locals
are often badly paid and are seasonal.
•Traffic congestion caused by tourists
can inconvenience local people.
•The behaviour of some tourists can
offend locals.
Environmen
talImpacts
•Income from tourism can be
reinvested in protecting the
environment.
•Transporting lots of people long
distances releases greenhouse gasses
that cause global warming.
•Tourism can increase litter and
pollution.
•Tourism can lead to the destruction
of natural habitats

7. Therearewaystoreducethenegativeimpactsofmass
tourism:
•ImprovingPublictransportencouragespeopletouseit,
whichreducestrafficcongestionandpollution.
•Limitingthenumberofpeoplevisitingsensitive
environments.
•Providinglotsofbinshelpsreducelitter.

8. Therearewaystomakesuretourismismaintained(areasthat
relyheavilyontourismneedtomakesuretheykeepcoming):
•Buildnewfacilitiesorimproveexistingones.
•Reduceanytouristimpacts.
•Advertiseandmarkettheareatoattractnewtourists.
•Improvetransportinfrastructuretomaketheareaquickand
easytogetto.
•Offernewactivities.
•Makeitcheapertovisit.

9. VISITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES (VFR)
•Thisincludesvisitingone’srelativesandfriendsfor
interpersonalreasons.
•AlargenumberofAmericansvisitEuropeancountriesin
ordertoseetheirfamiliesorbecausetheyfeeltheyarevisiting
theirhomeland.
•VFRisverycommoninIndia.Manypeopletaketimeoutof
theirbusyschedulestovisittheirfriendsandrelativesduring
schoolvacationsorduringmajorfestivalsandattend
weddingsandotherrituals.
•Whilevisitingfriendsorrelatives,peoplealsovisittourist
attractionsinandaroundthecity.

10. •InIndia,duetoLeaveTravelConcession(LTC)facility
andtravelallowancesbyprivatefirms,manypeopleare
nowvisitingandtravelnativeplacesinholidays.
–Primary Activities
•Socialising
•Dining in
•Home entertainment
–Secondary Activities
•Dining out
•Physical recreation
•Shopping
•Sight-seeing
•Urban entertainment

11. CULTURAL TOURISM
•Peoplearealwayscurioustoknowmoreaboutforeign
lands,theirpeople,andtheirculture.
•Cultureisoneofthemostsignificantfactors,which
attractstouristtoadestination.
•Cultureintermsoftourismgivesthetouristaninsight
intothe:
-Wayoflifeorlifestyleofthepeoplewhichonecan
experience.
-Dress,jewellery,dance,music,architectureand
paintingand
-Customsandbeliefs,fairsandfestivalsandreligion
practisedintheregion.

12. •Culturaltourismincludestourisminurbanareas,
particularlyhistoricorlargecitiesandtheircultural
facilitiessuchasmuseumsandtheatres.
•Itcanalsoincludetourisminruralareasshowcasingthe
traditionsofindigenousculturalcommunities(i.e.
festivals,rituals),andtheirvaluesandlifestyle.

13. •CulturalTourismincludeswideningone’sknowledge
aboutotherplacesandpeople,theirwaysoflife,their
cultureandincludesjourneystoplacesofartand
hereditytreasures,religiousshrinesandother
civilizations,interestinreligion,philosophy,historyetc
toparticipateinculturaleventssuchasartfestivalsand
celebrations-music,theatre,dance,folklore,festivalsetc
suchasEllorafestival,Elephantfestival,Khajuraho
festival,Malaysiafestival,Dubaifestivaletc.

14. FeaturesofCulturalTourism
•Buildsonandmarketsculturalstrengths.
•Emphasizesthequalityandauthenticityofthevisitor’s
experience.
•Aimsnotsimplytodescribe,buttoconveymeaningand
understandingofbroadcontexts.
•Meetsthevisitor’sdemandforknowledge.
•Conveystherichnessanddiversityofaplaceorculture.
•Itisactiveandinvolvingforbothvisitorsandhost
communities

15. •Itcancreatenewtourismproductfrompeople-itdoesnot
dependonhighlevelsofnewcapitalinvestment.
•Itrecognizesthedynamicandchangingnatureofculture.
•Itdevelopsvisitorandsitemanagementprograms.
•Itdevelopsinterpretationprogramsdesignedtoinform,
educateandinterestvisitors.
•Itcanminimizetheenvironmentaldegradationandcultural
exploitationwhichaccompanysomeformsoftourism.
•Itiscarefullytargetedtomeettheinterestsofparticular
marketsegments

16. CulturalTourisminIndia
•CultureTourismhasaspecialplaceinIndiabecauseof
itspastcivilizationasIndiahasbeenconsideredtheland
ofancienthistory,heritage,andculture.
•Historicalandarchaeologicalmonumentscontinuetobe
thebiggestdrawinattractinginternationaltourists.
•Thisfacthasbeenconfirmedbyasurveyundertakenby
thepacificareatravelassociation(PATA).
•ThegovernmentofIndiahassetuptheMinistryof
TourismandCulturetoboostculturaltourisminIndia.

17. •Theministrylaunchedthe‘IncredibleIndia!’campaign
andthishasledtothegrowthofculturetourismin
India.
•ThemostpopularstatesinIndiaforculturaltourismare
Kerala,Rajasthan,TamilNadu,UttarPradesh,
Uttaranchal.

18. RELIGIOUS TOURISM
•ReligiousTourismisalsoknownaspilgrimageor
spiritualtourismorfaithtourism.
•Theevolutionoftourismcouldalsobeattributedto
journeysundertakensinceancienttimestoplaces
consideredassacred.
•Peopletravelledsinglyoringroupsforthepurposeof
spiritualbenefitfortoattainsalvationormoksha.
•ReligiousTourismisajourney,undertakenforthesake
ofworshipandortopayrespecttoasiteofspecial
religioussignificance.

19. •InIndia,sincetimeimmemorial,tourismhasbeen
associatedwithplacesofreligioussignificance.These
destinationsarescatteredalloverthecountry.
•VaranasiinUPisamongsttheoldestlivingcitiesinthe
world.ItisalsotheholiestofHindupilgrimages.
•Anotherimportantcityofreligiousimportanceis
HaridwarwhichisalsoknownastheGatewayofthe
Gods.
•Haridwarstandsasthegatewaytothefourpilgrimages
ofUttrakhandalsoknownastheCharDhamsof
Uttrakhand-Gangotri,Yamunotri,Kedarnathand
Badrinath.

21. •AnotherimportantIndianHindupilgrimageisvisiting
theCharDhamsofIndiawhichwerefoundedby
Shankaracharya.
•Rameshwaram,Puri,DwarkaandBadrinath.
•VaishnodeviTempleandAmarnathCavesinJ&K,
MathurainU.P,the12Jyotirlingas,52Shaktipeeths,
BalajiTempleatTirupatiinAndhraPradesh,ShriSai
BabatempleatShirdietc.

24. ForMuslims
•AvisittoMeccaissacred.
•TheSufiSaintKhwajaMoinuddinChisti’sdargahat
Ajmer,HajiAliatMumbaietc.

25. FortheChristians
•AvisittoJerusalemandBethlehemisconsideredvery
auspicious.
•RomeisrecognizedastheholycityforthetombsofSt
PeterandStPaul.
•InIndia,theChurchofBasilicaofBomJesusatGoaand
thechurchatVelankanni,TNareconsideredholy.

26. ForBuddhist
•Sarnath,Bodhgaya,Rajgir,SravastiandNalandaplaces
connectedwitheventsofthelifeofBuddha.

27. ForJain
•DilwaraTemplesatMountAbu,GirnarTemplesin
Gujarat,Shravanbelagolaareauspiciousplaces.

28. •The Golden Temple at Amritsar in Punjab is the most
sacred place for Sikhs.

29. BUSINESS TOURISM
•Travelisnotalwaysundertakenforpleasureorleisure.
•Thebusinesstraveller'smainmotivefortraveliswork.
•He/Shevisitsaparticulardestinationforvarious
reasonspertainingtohisorherworksuchasattendinga
businessmeeting,conference,convention,tradefair,
sellingproducts,meetingsclientsetc.
•About80-85%orallairtravelisbusinessrelated.
•BusinessTravelrecognizedasthemostimportant
segmentforrevenuesforthehotelindustry.

30. •Morethan50%ofoccupancyofalargemajorityofhotels
inmanycountriescomesfromthebusinesstravel
segment.
•Thebusinesstravelleristhelifelineofthetourism
industry.
•AccordingtotheFederationofHotelandRestaurant
AssociationofIndia,60%ofallguestsintheIndian
hotelindustrycomprisesofbusinessguests.
•Theairlineandhotelindustryhaverecognizedthe
monetaryworthofbusinesstravellers.

31. •Abusinesstravellerlooksforthebestandnotthe
cheapest,ashe/sheisnotworriedaboutthecost,for
mosttravelexpensesofthebusinesstravellerareborne
byhis/hercompany,whichhe/sheisrepresenting.
•Sometimesabusinesstravellerdecideshis/hertripat
thelastminute.
•Unliketheleisuretraveller,thebusinesstravellerdoes
notchoosehis/herdestination.
•Businesstripsarealsoshorterinduration.

32. Meetings,Incentives,ConventionsandExhibitions(MICE)
•BusinessTourisminvolvesmeetings,conferencesand
conventionswhereinformationisexchanged,lavish
eventsareorganizedtolaunchnewproducts,incentive
travelisofferedormotivateorrewardstaffs,exhibitions
areorganizedtopromotecorporationsetc.
•ThisispopularlycalledMeetings,Incentives,
ConventionsandExhibitions/ExpositionsorMICE
Tourism.
•ThefourmostimportantaspectsofBusinessTourism.

35. •Meetings:
-Comingtogetherofanumberofpeopleinoneplace,
toconferorcarryoutaparticularactivityor
discussion.
•Incentives:
-Itisatoolformotivatingpeopleinvolvedinan
organizationsuccess–Employees,Dealers,
Distributors,Salespeople,consultants,&lastbut
notleast,evenkeycustomers,itisalsomeansof
rewardingthemforajobwelldoneorexcellentsale
results”

36. •Conventions:
-Conventionsaregenerallylargelymeetingswith
someformofexpositionortradeshow.
-AnumberofAssociationshaveoneormore
conventionsperyear.
-Theseconventionsraisealargepartofthe
associationbudget.
•Exhibitions:
-Eventsatwhichproducts&servicesaredisplayed.
-Anexhibitionsmaysimplybeafewtable-top
boothsdesignedtodisplaygoods&services.

37. ImportanceofMICETourism
•Economicgrowthoftheregionasawholegetsaboost.
•Developmentofbetterinfrastructure,mainlyin
transportation,accommodationandairservices.
•Theelementsofrelaxation,shoppingandsightseeingare
usuallyincludedinMICEtrips.
•Hence,mostMICEtravelerscanbeconvertedintoleisure
travelerswhowouldspendmoneyonsightseeingand
shopping.
•Itisquitecommonfordelegatestobringalonga
companion.

38. •MICEeventsincreaseawarenessofthehostcountry,
createemploymentandincome.
•MICEtourismstrengthensthebrandvalueandprofileof
thecountryasaninternationaltouristdestination.

39. MICE Destinations..

40. MICETourisminIndia
•Indiaranksadistant28intheMICEchartandgetsjust
0.92%oftotal10,000conferencesandmeetingsheld
globallyeveryyear.
•MICEisnewtrendoftourisminIndiaandgrowingat
therateof15to29%annually.
•Indiaisfastgainingitspaceinthecompetitionto
becomeanidealMICEdestination.
•Withtheadvancedtechnologyandfacilities,warm
hospitality,personalizedservicescoupledwithimmense
naturalbeautyandrichculturalheritage,thegoalseems
tobenotveryfar.

41. •Intermsofinfrastructure,Indiaprovidesanimpressive
combinationofaccommodationandotherconference
supportfacilitiestoholdasuccessfulConference.
•Indiaiscombinationofoldworldcharmandtradition
interlacedwithmoderncosmopolitansophistication.
•Indiaoffersaneducatedmanpowerbasewherefluency
inEnglishandotherofficialinternationallanguagescan
beexpected.
•TheIndiaConventionPromotionBureau(ICPB)
sponsoredbytheMinistryofTourism,theGovernment
ofIndiaaimsatpromotingIndiaasacompetentand
credibleMICEdestination.

43. Delhi
•ThecapitalcityNewDelhihasbeenthefavoriteMICE
destination.
•Thenumerouscharmofthecityvariesfromancient
monumentstoexcellentshoppingoptionsmakingthe
businessmeetingandconferencehereanabsolutepleasure.
•TheAshok,NewDelhi,hasbeenhostingmeetingsand
conventionsontheinternationalscaleformorethanfour
decadesandfavoritevenueforthetopbusinessmenand
governmentofficials.
•OthervenuesofthecapitalarePragatiMaidan,theHabitat
WorldConventionCentre,VigyanBhawanandanumberof
hotelswithexcellentconventionfacilitiesincludingTajPalace,
MauryaSheraton,LeMeridien,etc.

45. NOIDA
•SituatedontheoutskirtofNewDelhi,Noidaisfast
growingasoneofthemostmoderncitiesofIndia.
•Thecityflauntsanumberofvenuescateringmultiple
opportunitiesofbusinesstourism.
•ExpoCentreisasmartvenuetoholdexhibitions,
conferences,seminarsandbanquets.
•IndiaExpoCentreinGreaterNoidaisanothercentre
offeringanimpressiveinternationalbusiness
environmentidealforproductlaunches,seminars,
dealermeets,exhibitionsandcorporatefunctions.

47. Hyderabad
•ThepearlcityHyderabadisfastbecomingan
informationandtechnologyhubofIndia.
•Studdedwithnumerousheritagemonuments,the
heritagecityHyderabadhascomeupwitha
sophisticatedbusinessvenue,HyderabadInternational
ConventionCentre–HICC.
•Thecentrehasalreadyhostedanumberofprestigious
internationalandnationalmeetsinashortperiodof
timeandhasbeenappreciatedbytheorganizers

48. Cochin
•Richwiththelustrousbeachesandemeraldbackwaters,
Keralaisanidealleisuredestination.
•Afterfascinatingthewholeworldwithitsbreathtaking
beauty,Keralanowfindsitselfasaninevitable
destinationinthebusinesstourismitinerary.
•LeMeridien,Cochinboastsofanumberofwell
equippedconferenceandbanquethalls.
•Ayurvedaisthemajorattractionhereamongstthe
businessdelegatesandtheirfamily.

49. Mice Industry

50. HEALTH TOURISM
•Peoplehavebeentravellingforcenturiestoimproveand
rebuildtheirhealthandstamina.
•HealthTourismreferstotraveltofacilitiesand
destinationsforobtaininghealth-careservicesorhealth-
relatedbenefits.
•Itisarapidly-growingpracticeoftravelingtoanother
countrytoobtainhealthcare.
•Peopleallovertheworldareseekinggoodhealth
throughthevarioustechniquesofferedbyyogaandthe
otheralternativetherapies.

51. WellnessTourism
•Wellnessisgenerallyusedtomeanahealthybalanceof
themind,bodyandspiritthatresultsinanoverall
feelingofwell-being.
•Wellnesstourismistravelforthepurposeofpromoting
healthandwell-beingthroughphysical,psychological,
orspiritualactivities.
Health
Tourism
Wellness
Tourism
Medical
Tourism

52. •Wellnesstourismputsyourhealthandwell-beingatthevery
centerofyourtravelexperience...!
•Tripsorganizedaroundtheprincipleofwellnesstourism
shouldincludehealthyfood,exercise,spatreatments,and
opportunitiestoexperienceorexpandyourspiritualityand
creativity.
•Wellnesstravellerspursuediverseservices,including
physicalfitnessandsports;beautytreatments;healthydiet
andweightmanagement;relaxationandstressrelief;
meditation;yoga;andhealth-relatededucation.
•Wellnesstravellersmayseekproceduresortreatmentsusing
conventional,alternative,complementary,herbal,or
homeopathicmedicine.

53. Wellness Tourism…..
Spas in India provide specialized treatments and
therapies like:
•Ayurveda,
•Yoga,
•Meditation and
•Other relaxing massages to heal the mind and body.

54. The luxury spas in India are :
Anandain the Himalayas, Uttarakhand
UdaiVilas in Udaipur,
Rajvilasin Jaipur,
Wildflower Hall in Shimla,
Park Hyatt SerenoSpa in Goa,
OberoiAmarVilas, Agra

57. Medical Tourism
•Themostrecenttrendinprivatisationofhealthservices
isMedicalTourism,whichgainingprominencein
developingcountries.
•ThemovementofpeopleforthepurposeofMedical
treatmentiscalledMedicalTourism.
•Suchservicestypicallyincludeelectiveproceduresas
wellascomplexspecializedsurgeriessuchasJoint
Replacement(knee/hip),CancerandBrainTreatment,
CardiacSurgery,DentalSurgeryandCosmetic
Surgeries.
•TheconceptofMedicalTourismisnotanewone.The
firstrecordedinstanceofMedicalTourismdatesback
thousandsofyearsbackwithGreek.

58. •Epidauriabecametheoriginaltraveldestinationfor
MedicalTourism.
•Thefactorsthathaveledtotherecentincreasein
popularityofmedicaltravelincludes:
-Thehighcostofhealthcareorwaittimesforprocedures
inindustrializednations.
-Improvementsintechnologyandstandardsofcare.
-E.g.thetimespentwaitingforaproceduresuchahip
replacementcanbeayearormoreinBritainand
Canada;however,inSingapore,HongKong,Thailand,
Cuba,Colombia,PhilippinesorIndia,apatientcould
feasiblyhaveanoperationthedayaftertheirarrival.

59. •Medicaltouristscancomefromanywhereintheworld,
includingEurope,theUK,MiddleEast,Japan,USand
Canada.
-Thisisbecauseoftheirlargepopulations,
comparativelyhighwealth,thehighexpenseof
healthcareorlackofhealthcareoptionslocally,and
highexpectationsoftheirpopulationswithrespect
tohealthcare.
•ThoughmanycountriesareboostinginMedicalTourism
likeGreece,SouthAfrica,Jordan,India,Malaysia,
Philippines,Thailand,CostaRica,Singaporeetc.

60. Medical tourism

61. Asia
•Thecurrentestimatedof1.32millionmedicaltouristscometo
Asiafromallcorner’softheworldincludingUSandEurope.
•Asiacontinuestobethetopmedicaldestinationinmedical
travel.
•Asianmedicaldestinationscontinuetooffermoreandbetter
medicalproceduresandcarethanmostothermedical
destinations.
•SeveralhospitalsinAsiahavecarvedsuchoutstanding
reputationsforthemselvesthatmedicaltourismhasbecomea
majormoney-spinner.
•IncountriessuchasSingaporeandThailand,government
agencieshavebeensetuptohelpmarkettheirexpertise
globally.

62. •TheIndiangovernmenthasremovedmanyvisa
restrictionsandintroducedavisa-on-arrivalschemefor
medicaltouristsfromselectedcountries;thisallows
foreignnationalstostayinIndiafor30daysformedical
reasonsandcanevengetavisaofupto1year
dependingupontreatmentrequirements.
•Specialmedicaltravelagencieshavesprunguparound
theworld,andtopAsianhospitalsroutinelyhavespecial
“international”desksandservicestoassistoverseas
patientswitheverythingfromdoctors’appointmentsto
accommodation.

63. •Therearethreemajorhubsandthreeminorhubsthat
shouldbeconsideredforMedicalTourismintheworld.
Threemajorhubsare:
1.Thailand
2.Singaporeand
3.India
1.Thailand:-
•ThailandisthelargestMedicalTourismhubintotal
volumeandinbothhigh-endandlow-endprocedures.
•Thailand’stwolargestMedicalTourismtargetsarethe
BumrungradandBangkokHospital,whichannuallytreat
4,00,000approxforeignpatients.

64. •Thailand’spricesareabout20%higherthanIndia’son
average,withthemainadvantagesbeingabetter
touristexperienceoverallandmorebundlingof
services.
•Thailandhasmoreexperienceddoctors,better
equipmentandlowerprices.
•Thailandregularmedicaltourists,whoflytoThailand
annuallyforacomprehensivephysicalexam,dental
workandanyminorprocedurealongwithaweekon
thebeachatPhuketischeaperandmoreenjoyable
optionthanstayingathome.

65. •Thailandaccountsformaximum shareof
theAsiamedicaltourismmarket,beingfollowed
byIndiaandSingapore.

66. Thailand

67. Singapore:
•Singaporehasawell–deservedreputationasahigh-
tech,cleanandorderlycity-state.
•WithmedicalcostsabouthalfthoseoftheUS,
SingaporeisconsiderablymoreexpensivethanIndiaor
Thailandandinlinewiththeminorhubs.
•Thequalityofmedicalfacilitiesisonparwiththemain
medicalcentresinThailandandIndia.
•TheSingaporeangovernmenthasrecentlymadea
significantefforttoexpanditsbiotechnologysector,
mostlywithlargefinancialgrantstolureresearchers
fromothercountries.

68. singapore

69. India
•Indiaisanidealstopformedicaltreatmentbecauseit
hasworldclasshospitals,state-of-the-arttechnology,
competentdoctors,professionalmanagement,top
qualitynursingandparamedicalstaff.
•Allthisisonofferatcomparativelylowerprices
makingiteconomicaltothetouristsaswell.
•Indiadealswithahigherproportionofmajorand
minorsurgeries.
•InIndia,thecostoftreatmentisbetweenonesixthto
onetenthofthecostincurredintheUSAorEurope.
•Visitorsfromwesterncountriesfindmedicaltreatment
inIndiacost-effectiveandlesstimeconsumingas
comparedtotheirownhomeland.

70. •Forinstance,theheartsurgerythatcostsaboutRs.20
lakhsabroadwouldcostRs.2lakh(approx)evenifitis
performedinthetopmosthospitalsinIndia.
•SomehospitalsarefaroutofthereachofmostIndians
andcaterspecificallytoforeigntouristsforveryspecific
needs–forexamplesomecentreswillfocusstronglyon
heartsurgerywhileothersdealwithjoinreplacements.

71. •Indiaisagoodchoiceformajorsurgery.
•Thetravellerscanchoosefromvarioussystemsof
alternativemedicinetoo,suchasacupuncture,aroma
therapy,meditation,ayurveda,unanimedicine,mud
therapy,physicotherapy,reikietc.
•InadditionmosthotelsandresortsinIndiahavetheir
ownspasandayurvediccentresthatfurther
encouragesuchalternativeformoftourism.
•Toensurestandardizationinhealthcareitis
necessarythathospitalsofferingmedicaltourism
needaccreditationfromtheConfederationofIndian
Industry(CII)andNationalAccreditationBoardfor
Hospitals(NABH).

72. india

73. •SouthKoreastandsatthefourthspotintheyear2016
andislikelytoalmostdoubleitsmarketsharebythe
year2022,whileMalaysiaisholdingthelastspotinthe
year2016.
TheTop5Countriescoveredare:
•India(64CountriesCovered)
•Malaysia(20CountriesCovered)
•Singapore(16CountriesCovered)
•Thailand(15CountriesCovered)
•SouthKorea(14CountriesCovered)

74. Three minor hubs are:
•South Africa
•Costa Rica and
•Hungary

75. 1.SouthAfrica:
•Thehospitalsareafirstworldstandards.
•ThemajorityofSAMedicaltouristsareaftercosmetic
surgery,withbreastaugmentationsasthenumber
oneprocedure.
•SApriceshoveraround40-60%ofthoseintheUS,
makingthemoneofthemoreexpensiveMedical
Tourismhubs.
•Recently,however,crimehasbecomeamajor
probleminSAcitiesandmanyhotelsnotallowguests
outatnightexceptinahotelcar,whichfurtherlimits
exposuretothelocalculture.

76. 2.CostaRica:
•CRsmainsellingpointisthatitdoesn’trequireaTrans-
PacificflightforUStouriststogetthere.
•Aswithmanysmallerhubs,thefocusisoncosmetic
surgeryanddentalwork.
•Pricesareapproximately40-50%oftheUS.

77. 3.Hungary:
•LikeCostaRica,Hungaryofferscheapbutreliable
dentalandcosmeticsurgery.
•ThemajordrawistheHungaryisconvenientto
Europeantouristbyairortrain.
•Priceare40-50%oftheUS,thoughalmostallpatients
thatgothereareEuropeanswithheavilystate-supported
healthcaresystems.

79. ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
•AlternativeTourismisacombinationoftouristproducts
orindividualtouristservices.
•Insimplewords,itcanbedescribedaspeopletouring
placesandthingsotherthanusualtouristattractions.
•Thus,itinvolvesuncrowdedlocationsandnon-peak
holidayseasons.
•Itischaracterizedbyindividualactivitiesandtourists’
desiretoexperiencelocalcultureandenvironment.

80. •AlternativeTourismaimsatseekingatransitionfrom
impersonal,traditionalmasstourismtoestablishing
cordialrapportbetweenvisitorsandthelocalhosts.
•Thesetouristsnormallyavoidtheservicesthatareused
bytouristssuchasaccommodation,transport,andother
services.
•Theyprefertouseorsharetheservicesofthelocal
people.
•Theirmainmotiveistoexperienceandgetaninsight
intotheirwayofliving.

81. Alternative Tourism

82. •AlternativeTourismisnowadaysregardedasakeyto
sustainabledevelopment.
•Whilemasstourismcanhaveanegativeimpactona
destination,alternativetourismpromotesabalanced
growthform,moreinlinewithlocalenvironmentaland
socioculturalconcerns.
•Manyofthewesterntravellershaveexpressedtheir
dissatisfactiontowardsthesunbasedholidays.
•Infactmanyofthetouristsarelookingforachange.

83. A Quick Comparison between Mass
and Alternative Tourism
Mass Tourism Alternative Tourism
large groups singles, families, friends
traditional recent trend
fixed program spontaneous decisions
focus on “sights” focus on “experiences”
little or no background research careful preparation and research
desire for souvenirs desire for memories / knowledge
purchase items while there bring items to give away
may involve loud social activitiesquiet, low impact
snapshots and postcards photography and painting
no language preparation learn local language

84. MASS
NATURAL
CULTURAL
EVENTS
OTHERS

85. •Thetouristswanttourpackagescomprisingofwildlife,
culturalsites,localtribes,whitewaterraftingetc.
•Thisinterestinalternativetourismhas,thus,ledtothe
emergenceoftravelagentsandtouroperatorswho
specializedinthesedifferentinterestsofthetourists.
•Alternativetourismisnotatypeoftourismbutisrather
aguidingprincipleinvolvingecotourism,heritage
tourism,culturaltourismetc.

86. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
•SustainableTourismisdefinedas“tourismthatrespects
bothlocalpeopleandthetraveller,culturalheritageand
theenvironment”.
•Itseekstoprovidepeoplewithanexcitingand
educationalholidaythatisalsoofbenefittothepeople
ofthehostcountry.
•Itistourismthattrulybenefitsthosewhoareonthe
receivingendandthatdoesnotexploitanddegradethe
environmentinwhichtheyliveandfromwhichthey
mustearnalivingafterthelasttouristhasflownback
home.

87. •STistourismdevthatavoidsdamagetothe
environment,economyandculturesofthelocations
whereittakesplace.
•STisaformoftourismthatfollowstheprinciplesof
sustainability.
•STdevelopmentmeetstheneedsofpresenttouristsand
hostregionswhileprotectingandenhancing
opportunityforthefuture.
-UNWTO,1995(Agenda21fortheTravelandTourismIndustry).

88. •STisresponsibletourismintendingtogenerate
employmentandincomealongwithalleviatingany
deeperimpactonenvironmentandlocalculture.
•Whenwereferto“ST”activitieswemeananyactivity
thatcanbecarriedoutinthesameorsimilarwayforan
indefinitefuture(sustainableintime)inthreemain
aspects:
a.Environmentally:Theactivityminimizesany
damagetotheenvironment,i.eplants,animals,
water,soils,energyuseetcandprovidesabenefit
totheenvironmentthroughprotectionand
conservation.
b.Sociallyandculturally:Theactivitydoesnot
harm,andmayrevitalize,thesocialstructureor
cultureofthecommunitywhereitislocated.

89. c.Economically:Theactivitycansustainitself
economically;itcontinuestocontributetothe
economicwellbeingofthelocalcommunity
throughlocalownership,employment,buyinglocal
etc.Asustainablebusinessshouldbenefitits
owners,itsemployees,andneighbours.
•Whenwetakethesethreeaspectsintoaccount,thisis
calledthe“triplebottom-line”.Sometimesitisreferred
toas“doingwellbydoinggood”.
•In2004theWorldTourismOrganization
added:”Achievingsustainabletourismisacontinuous
processanditrequiresconstantmonitoringofimpacts,
introducingthenecessarypreventiveand/orcorrective
measureswhenevernecessary.”

91. Principles of Sustainable Tourism
1.Using resources sustainably:
•Theconservationandsustainableuseofresources
(natural,social,culturaliscrucialandmakeslong
termbusinesssense).
2.Reducing over consumption and waste:
•Reductionofover-consumptionandwasteavoids
thecostsofrestoringlong-termenvironmental
damageandcontributestothequalityoftourism.
3.Maintaining Biodiversity:
•Maintainingandpromotingnatural,socialand
culturaldiversityisessentialforlong–termSTand
createsaresilientbasefortheindustry.

92. 4.Integratingtourismintoplanning:
•Tourismdevwhichisintegratedintoanationaland
localstrategicplanningframeworkandwhich
undertakesenvironmentalimpactassessments;
increasethelong-termviabilityoftourism.
5.Supportinglocaleconomies:
•Tourismthatsupportsawiderangeoflocal
economicactivitiesandwhichtakesenvironmental
costsandvaluesintoaccountbothprotectsthese
economiesandavoidsenvironmentaldamage.
6.Involvinglocalcommunities:
•Thefullinvolvementoflocalcommunitiesinthe
tourismsectornotonlybenefitsthemandthe
environmentbutalsoimprovesthequalityofthe
tourismproject.

93. 7.TrainingStaff:
•StafftrainingwhichintegratesSTintoworld
practices,alongwithrecruitmentofapersonnelat
alllevels,improvesthequalityoftourismproduct.
8.MarketingTourismResponsibility:
•Marketingthatprovidestouristwithfulland
responsibleinformationincreasesrespectforthe
natural,socialandculturalenvironmentsof
destinationareasandenhancescustomer
satisfaction.
9.UndertakingResearch:
•Ongoingresearchandmonitoringbytheindustry
usingeffectivedatacollectionandanalysisis
essentialtohelpsolveproblemsandbringbenefits
todestinations,theindustryandcustomers.

97. Why sustainable Tourism

99. RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
•Responsibletourismislikesustainabletourism,however
asoftenthewordsustainabilityisoftenoverusedandnot
understood,responsibletourismhasbeenadoptedasa
termusedbyindustry.
•Responsibletourismisanyformoftourismthatcanbe
consumedinamoreresponsibleway.
•Travelthattakesintoconsiderationthenatural,socio-
cultural,economicandpoliticalcontextsofadest.inthe
searchtoincreasebenefitsandminimizenegative
impacts.

100. Guidelines:
•ProtecttheEnvironment:Itsflora,faunaand
landscapes.
•RespectLocalCultures:Traditions,religionsandbuilt
heritage.
•BenefitLocalCommunities:Botheconomicallyand
socially.
•ConserveNaturalResources:Fromofficetodestination.
•Minimisepollution–throughnoise,wastedisposaland
congestion.

101. TRUSTMANTRA
•T-Traveltoecofriendlydestinationslargely.
•R-Recreationwithresponsibility.
•U-Useonlyreusableitems.
•S-Supporttheeffortthroughpossiblemeans.
•T-TryandteachResponsibletourism.

108. SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM
•Specialisedtourisminvolvesgrouporindividualtours
bypeoplewhowishtodevelopcertaininterestsandvisit
sitesandplacesconnectedwithaspecificsubject.
•Generallyspeaking,thepeopleconcernedexercisethe
sameprofessionorhaveacommonhobby.
,WorldTourismOrganisation(WTO)1985
•SpecialInterestTourism(SIT)istheprovisionof
customisedtourismactivitiesthatcaterstothespecific
interestsofgroupsandindividuals.

109. SIT consists of four main experiences:
-Rewarding
-Enriching
-AdventuresomeExperiences
-LearningExperiences.

110. Classification of Special Interest Tourism:
•Active:Sports,cycling,hiking,skiing,sailing
•Social:Youthtours,clubbing,singlestrips
•Educational:Cooking,languageschools
•Discovery:Antarcticexploring,Galapagosexpeditions
•Hobbies:Winetasting,gardentours,flowershows
•Challenge/excitement:ClimbingEverest,trekking
•Relaxation:Cruising,canalboats,camping
•Health&Therapy:SpaholidaytoThailand,medicaltours

111. NATURAL AREA TOURISM
•Tourisminnaturalsettings.

112. Natural Area Tourism is characterised as:
•Tourism in the Env. : -E.g. Adventure Tourism.
•Tourism about the Env. : -E.g. NBT and WT.
•Tourism for the Env. : -Ecotourism.
Mass Alternative
Adv
WT
NBT
ET
IN
About
For
Tourism
Sustainability
Tourism’s
Env.
Relationship

113. Natural–BasedTourism
•Tourismabouttheenv.
•Occursinnaturalsettingsbuthastheaddedemphasisof
fostering,understandingandconservationofthenatural
environment.
•Inwhichviewingnatureistheprimaryobjective.
•Thisfocusisusuallyuponthestudyand/orobservationofthe
abiotic(non-living)partoftheenv.
-E.g.Therocksandlandforms.
•Thebiotic(living)componentofit.
–E.g.FloraandFlora.

114. •Itisaformoftourismunderpinnedbytheecocentric
philosophysothatthenaturalenvironmentprovidesthe
platformforenvironmentalunderstandingand
conservation.
•NBTalsoembracesthesustainableapproachandfosters
“ResponsibleTourism”.
•ItdiffersfromWildlifetourism;NBThasabroaderfocus
thanpurelyviewingwildlife.
•InNBTthewholelandscapeandsurroundsistheprimary
focusfortoursanditismoreholisticinitsembraceofthe
env.

115. WILDLIFE TOURISM
•Wildlifetourismcanbebroadlydefinedastripsto
destinationswiththemainpurposeofvisitbeingto
observethelocalfauna.
•Thisthereforeimpliesthatwildlifetourismincludes
othernichemarketssuchasbird,tiger,rhino
watchingetc.

116. ECO-TOURISM
•Ecotourism,alsoknownasecologicaltourism,isa
typeoftourismthatappealstotheecologicallyand
sociallyconsciousindividuals.
•Eco-Tourismisconsideredthefastestgrowing
marketinthetourismindustry,accordingtothe
UNWTO withanannualgrowthrateof5%
worldwideandrepresenting6%oftheworldgross
domesticproduct.

117. •Itisapurposefultraveltonaturalareastounderstand
theculturalandnaturalhistoryofenv.,takingcarenot
toaltertheintegrityoftheecosystem,whileproducing
economicopportunitiesthatmakeconservationof
naturalresourcesbeneficialtolocalpeople.
•TheIntl.Eco-TourismSociety(TIES,1990)defines
“Responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatconservesthe
environmentandimprovesthewell-beingoflocal
people”.

118. Inshort,Ecotourismcanbeconceptualizedasany
TourismProgrammethatis:
•NaturalBased.
•EcologicallySustainable.
•Whereeducationandinterpretationisamajorcomponent
andwherelocalpeoplearebenefited.
•Ifitdoesnotsatisfyanyoneofthesecomponentsthenit
cannotbecalledrealecotourismventure.

119. SomebasicDo’sandDon’tsofEco-Tourismare:
Do’s
•Carrybackallnon-degradablelittersuchasempty
bottles,tins,plasticbagsetc.
•Thesemustnotlittertheenvironmentorbeburied.
Theymustbedisposedinmunicipaldustbinsonly.
•Observethesanctityofholysites,templesandlocal
cultures.
•Cutnoisepollution.Donotblarealoudradios,tape
recordersorotherelectronicentertainmentequipment
innatureresorts,sanctuariesandwildlifeparks.

120. •Incasetemporarytoiletsareset-upnearcampsites,after
defecation,coverwithmudorsand.Makesurethatthe
spotisatleast30metersawayfromthewatersource.
•Respectpeople'sprivacywhiletakingphotographs.Ask
forpriorpermissionbeforetakingaphotograph.
Don'ts
•Donottakeawayfloraandfaunaintheformsof
cuttings,seedsorroots.Itisillegal,especiallyinthe
Himalayas.
•Theenvironmentisreallydelicateinthisregionandthe
bio-diversityofdiversityoftheregionhastobe
protectedatallcosts.

121. •Donotusepollutantssuchasdetergent,instreamsor
springswhilewashingandbathing.
•Donotusewoodasfueltocookfoodatthecampsite.
•Donotleavecigarettesbuttsormakeopenfiresinthe
forests.
•Donotconsumeaerateddrinks,alcohol,drugsorany
otherintoxicantandthrowbottlesinthewild.
•Donottemptthelocals,especiallychildrenbyoffering
themfoodstufforsweets.Respectlocaltraditions.

122. •Polytheneandplasticsarenonbiodegradableand
unhealthyfortheenvironmentandmustnotbeused
andlittered.
•Stayingontrails,packingupyourtrash,andremaining
setdistancesawayfromwildlifeareafewwaysto
minimizeyourimpactinsensitiveareas.
•Seekoutandsupportlocallyownedbusinesses.Support
localbusinessesduringyoureco-travelstoensure
maximumcommunityandconservationbenefitfrom
yourspending.

123. Eco-TourisminIndia
•EcotourismdevelopmentshavealreadybeguninIndia
butstilltherearemilestogoandplentyofresourcesare
yettobetapped.Manystatesarealsoworkingforit.
E.g.Kerala
•TourismDeptt.,Govt.ofKeralahastakenstepstogive
focusedattentiontoecotourisminthestate.
•Aseparateecotourismwinghasbeencreatedtogive
policysupportforthedevelopmentofecotourism
destinationinthestate.

124. •Accordingly,aprojectforthefirstplannedecotourism
destination(ThenmalaEcotourismProject)hasbeen
formulatedinandaroundShenduruneyWildlife
Sanctuarywithcooperationofdeptt.Suchasforest,
IrrigationandTourism.
•Aseparatesociety,theThenmalaEcotourismPromotion
Society(TEPS)hasbeenconstitute.
•Themajorobjectivesofthisprojectare:
-To developThenmala dam and its
surroundingsasamajortouristdestination.
-TopromoteEcotourismonthebasisofsound
principlesofecologicalsustainabilityinthe
surroundingareas.

125. •Tohaveawellplannedtourismdestinationwith
emphasisonsustainabletourismdevelopmentsoasto
becomeamodelforotherdestinationdevelopment
programmes.
Thenmala
•ThenmalaisthefirstEco-TourismdestinationinIndia.
•Locatedabout72kmsfromThiruvananthapuram.
•ThenmalaisasmallvillageatthefoothillsofWestern
Ghatsandpredominantlyaforestareaandhavingthe
radiusof50kms.

126. •ThefamousShenduruneyWildlifeSanctuaryisthe
mostimportantecotourismresourcesofThenmala
Ecotourism.
•Thenmala:“Then+Mala”.i.einlocallanguage“Then”
meanshoneyand“Mala”meanshillock.i.e.itmeans
honeyhills.
Attractions:
Therearetotalfourzones.Theyare:
•CulturalZone.
-Thiszoneaccommodatesvariousactivities,which
favorsEco-friendlygeneraltourism.
-

127. Restaurant,Shopcourt,Amphitheatreetchelp the
touristsunderstandtheKerala’s cuisines,crafts,arts,
naturalwealth,cultureetc.
-AnopenairMusicaldancingfoundationis
anothermajorattractionhere.

128. LeisureZone:
-Thiszonecaterstotheneedsoftouristexploringthe
inherentqualitiesofthezone-thedrasticlevelchanges,
favorableviewsetc.
-Theboardwalkandtheswaybridgeexplorepotential
viewpoints.
-TheSculptureGardenisthemainattractionofthiszone.
ThethemeofthegardenisMANandNATURE.It
endeavorstodepicttherelationshipofManandhis
culturewithNature,intheserenebackdropofgreen
forest.

129. •AdventureZone
-Theactivitiesinthiszonefavoradventure
tourism.
-Theattractionsinthisareaaretheelevated
walkway,themountainbiking,rock climbing,
rivercrossing,naturetrails,restingspots,short
trekkingetc.
OtherActivities:
•Boating(Batterypoweredroadvehicles)inthe
SchenduruneyWildlifeSanctuaryandonecanview
animalslikeelephants,uniquescenicbeautyandlush
evergreenforestsetc.
•Deerrehabilitationcenter.
•PalaruviFalls
•Trekking.

133. RURAL TOURISM
•RuralTourismisessentiallyanactivitywhichtakesplace
inthecountryside.
•Tourismthatshowcasestherurallife,artcultureand
heritageatrurallocation,therebybenefitingthelocal
communityeconomicallyandsociallyaswellasenabling
interactionbetweenthetouristsandlocalsforamore
enrichingtourismexp.CanbetermedasR.T.
•Indevelopedcountries,thishasresultedinanewstyleof
tourismofvisitingvillagesettingstoexperienceandlive
arelaxedandhealthylifestyle.

134. •ThestressesofUrbanlifestyleshaveledtoa
‘counter-urbanization’syndrome.Thishasleadto
growinginterestintheruralareas.
Besides, there are other factors are:
-Increasing levels of awareness.
-Growing interest in heritage and culture and
improved accessibility.
-Environmental consciousness.

135. •Itismulti-facetedandmayentailFarm/Agriculture
Tourism,CulturalTourism,NatureTourism,Adv.
TourismandEco-Tourism.
•RuralTourismhascertaintypicalcharacteristicslike:-
-Thelocationsaresparselypopulated;itis
predominantlyinnaturalenv.
-Itmesheswithseasonalityandlocaleventsandis
basedonpreservationofculture,heritageand
traditions.

136. RuralTourisminIndia
•RuralTourismisdefinitelyusefulforacountrylike
India,wherealmost74%ofthepopu.residesinits7
millionvillages.
•RuralIndiahasmuchtooffertotheworld.
•Richtraditionsofarts,craftsandcultureruralIndiacan
emergeasimportanttouristspots.
•Thousandofforeigntouristsvisitruralareain
Rajasthan,GujaratandSouthIndiaeveryyear.
•ThetenthPlanhasidentifiedtourismasoneofthe
majorsourcesofgeneratingemploymentand
promotingsustainablelivelihoods.

137. •TheUnionMinistryofTourismincollaborationwith
UNDPhaslaunchedtheTourismProjectlinkedtothe
existingruraltourismschemeofthegovernment.
•UNDPhascommitted$2.5millionfortheproject.
•UNDPwillhelpinareasof:-
-CapacityBuilding
-InvolvementofNGOs
-LocalCommunitiesandArtisans.
-ForgeStrongCommunity–privateandpublic
partnerships.

138. •Thegovt.hasdecidedtodevelopnecessaryinfra.for
facilitatingRuralTourism.
•Sofarthegovt.hasidentified31villagesacrossthe
countryastouristspots.
Sl. No. Village/District State
1 -Pochampalliin Nalgonda
-Srikalahastiin Chittor
Andhra Pradesh
2 -Durgapur in Golaghat
-SulakuchiKamrup
Assam
3 -Nepurain Nalanda Bihar

139. 4-Chitrakotaand Nagarnarin
Bastar
Chhattishgarh
5-Hodkain Kachh Gujarat
6-Jyotisarin Kurukshetra Haryana
7-Naggarin Kullu Himachal Pradesh
8-Banavasiin Uttar Kannada Karnataka
9 -Aranmullain
Pathanamthitta
-Kumbalanghiin Kochi
Kerala
10 -Chauganin Mandla
-Pranpurin Ashok Nagar
Madhya Pradesh
11 -Sulibhanjankhultabadin
Aurangabad
Maharashtra

140. 12-Pipili and Raghurajpur in PuriOrissa
13-Rajasansiin Amritsar Punjab
14 -Neemranain Alwar
-Samodein Jaipur
-Haldighatiin Rafamand
Rajasthan
15 -Lachenin Mangan Sikkim
16 -Karaikudiin Sivaganga
-Kazhugumalaiin Thoothukudi
Tamil Nadu
17-Kamlasagarin West Tripura
18-Bhaguwalain Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh
19 -Jageshwarin Almora
-Manain Chamoli
Uttranchal
20 -Ballabhpur Danga in Birbhum
-Mukutmanipur in Bankura
West Bengal

142. FARM TOURISM
•Temporarymovementontoafarmofpeoplelookingto
enjoyaruralenv.aspartoftheirleisure,pleasure,
recreationandbusinessactivities.
•Includesaccommodation,attractionetc.
•Cancontributetotheoverallincome,cashflowand
profitabilityoffarmbasedbusiness.
•Alternativesourceofincomefromtheproduceyousell
fromthefarm(milk,cattle,poultryetc)

143. Adv:
•Independence
•Possible financial rewards
•Personal satisfaction
•Control of direction
•Contact with a wide range of people.
Dis. Adv:
•High level of responsibility.
•High financial risk
•Long working hours
•Lack of time away
•Close contact with people who may have different
attitudes, habits and beliefs.
•Need to be friendly all the time.
•Pressure on self and family relationship.

144. GOLF TOURISM
•Golfisasportinwhichaplayer,usingseveraltypesof
clubs,hastheobjectiveofgettingaballintoeachholeon
thegolfcourseinthelowestnumberofstrokes.
•Golfisoneofthefewballgamesthatdonotusea
standardizedplayingarea;rather,thegameisplayedon
golf“courses”,eachoneofwhichhasauniquedesign
andtypicallyconsistsofeither9or18separateholes.
•GolfisdefinedintheRulesofGolfas“playingaball
withaclubfromtheteeinggroundintotheholebya
strokeorsuccessivestrokesinaccordancewithRules”.

145. GolfTourisminIndia
•InIndiaonecanplaygolfalmostanywherelikehills,
metropolitancitiesandinsmalltowns,bylakesand
forestsorsurroundedbyteaestates,outinthedesert.
•IndiawasthefirstcountryoutsideofGreatBritainto
takeupthegameofgolf.
•TheRoyalCalcuttaGolfClub,establishedin1829isthe
oldestgolfclubinIndiaandfirstoutsideGreatBritain.
•WiththegrowinginfluenceoftheBritishintheIndian
empire,theeighteenthcenturysawamushroomingof
newGolfClubinIndia.

146. •Whereverlandwasavailableandgrassgrew,golffound
anewhome.Somee.g.NowdefunctRoyalBombayGolf
Clubin1842,theBangloreGolfClubin1876andthe
ShillongGolfClubincorporatedaGolfCoursein1886.
•ThenthecoursewasopenedintheUSAandEuropein
1888.
•Tillthe50s,GolfClubsinIndiawereaffiliatedtothe
RoyalCalcuttaGolfclub,whichfollowedtherulesofSt.
AndrewsinScotland.
•InDec1955,agroupofGolfergottogethertoformthe
IndianGolfUnionasthecontrollingbodyforthegame.

147. •TheIndianGolfUnionhasalsosetupanotherbody
calledtheProfessionalGolferAssociationofIndia
(PGAI).
•ThemostimpannualeventinthecalendaroftheIndian
GolfUnionistheIndianOpenGolfChampionship,
whichfirstplayedinDELin1964andwonbythe
AustralianGolfer,PeterThompson.
•TheIGUisnowaffiliatedtoWorldAmateurGolf
Councilandhasdoneagreatdealtopromotegolfingin
thecountry.

148. •In1957,itstarteditsfirsttrainingcampattheRoyalin
Calcutta,whereassistantprofessionalandcaddieswere
boughtfromalloverthecountryandtrainedtoteach
golf.
•Inyear1958isalandmarkinthehistoryofIndian
ChampionshipwasmovedawayfromtheRoyalCalcutta
GolfClubtobeplayedalternatelyatDEL,BOMand
CCU.
•1982,DELwaschosentohostthefirsteverGolf
CompetitionfortheAsianGames.

149. •TheHeroHondaIndiaOpenistheoldestInternational
GolfTournamentinIndianwhichwasplayedin1964at
DEL.
•TheHeroHondaIndianOpenTournamentof2005was
firstGolfTournamentwhichwasbroadcastedliveon
television.
WhatmakesGolfinginIndiaexciting?
•NotonlydoesithavetheoldestGolfClubintheworld
outsideGreatBritainbutalsothehighestatGulmarg
(2,700meters)inKashmir.
•ThereareGolfCoursesinthemountains,plains,deserts
andatbeachresorts.

150. •Theenvironmentofeachcourseisuniqueinitsculture
andhistory,highlightingallthatmakesIndiaisthrough
itsGolfCourses.
•MostofIndia’scoursesarewellconnectedbyroad,rail
andairandhaveexcellentaccommodationfacilities.
FamousGolfCoursesofIndiaare:-
TheChandigarhGolfClub:-
•LocatedinSector6ofthecityisapleasuretobeat.
•Thesprawling132acresoflandallsurroundedwiththick
mango,jamun,eucalyptusandkikarorchards.
•Itwasfoundedin1966,openroundedtheyearandhas18
holes.

151. TheShimlaGolfClub:-
•Locatedatadistanceof23kmsfromtheBritishsummer
capitalatNaldhera.
TheDelhiGolfClub:-
•OldestGolfClubinDelhi,establishedbytheBritishin
1931.
•DGCisperhapstheonlyoneintheworld,dottedwith
ancientmonument.
•DGCisalsoasanctuaryforover300speciesofbirdsand
200varietiesoftree.
•TheothertwocourseswithinthecityareArmyGolf
CourseinDhaulaKuanandQutabGolfCourse
(maintainedbyDelhiDevelopmentAuthority)istheonly
publicGolfCourseinthecountry.

152. TheCalcuttaGolfClub:-
•Thetitalof“Royal”wasbestowedonitwhentheRoyal
coupleofKingGerogeVandQueenMaryvisitedCalcutta
in1911.
•TheCoursecomprisesofvarietyifvegetationandwater
tanks.
TheGyamkhanaClubGolfCourse:-
•IslocatedinGindy,Chennaiandwasbroughtintobeingis
1886.
•ThecourseliesinsidetheGindyracecourse.

153. TheGyamkhanaClub:-
•LocatedinOotacamund(Ooty)ataheightof7,600feet.
TheBangaloreGolfClub:-
•Establishedin1876isagreatgolfingvenuewiththewell
maintainedgreens.
BombayPresidencyGolfClub:-
•Has110acreandfoundedin1827.
•WasredesignedbyPeterThompsontoInternationalStandard.
MajoritineraryofGolfTour:-
DEL–IXC–Shimla–DEL–CCU–MAA–Ooty–BLR-BOM.

155. ACCESSIBLE TOURISM

156. •Abletoaccessorreach.
•Intendedasthesetofservicesandfacilitiescapableof
allowingpersonswithspecificneedstoenjoyaholiday
andtheirleisuretimewithnoparticularbarriersorprobs.
•Individualswithspecificneedscouldbe:
-Elderlypeople
-DisabledIndividualsand
-Peoplewithparticulardietsorallergyprobs.

157. •The definition of tourist covers a large category of
people.
The most relevant probsthat emerged are:
-The availability of health facilities and personnel.
-The accessibility of means of transport.
-The accessibility to service.

159. •“Personswithdisabilities"includesallpersonswho,
owingtotheenvironmentbeingencountered,suffera
limitationintheirrelationalabilityandhavespecial
needsduringtravel,inaccommodations,andother
tourismservices,particularlyindividualswithphysical,
sensoryandintellectualdisabilitiesorothermedical
conditionsrequiringspecialcare,suchaselderlypersons
andothersinneedoftemporaryassistance
(UNWTO, Dakar, 2005).

160. •Innutshell,accessibletourismisaboutmakingtravel
andtourismeasyforallpeople(irrespectiveoftheirage,
genderorphysicalstatus),itisasetofservicesand
facilitiesforindividualswithspecificneedsthatmay
includethedisabled,elderlypeople,pregnantwomen,
andpeoplewithtemporarydisabilities.

161. DISABILITY COUNTRIES
•United States 19.4
•New Zealand 20.0
•Canada 18.5
•Australia 20.0
•Brazil 14.5
•United Kingdom 12.2
•Spain 15.0
•Austria 14.4
•Sweden 12.1
•México 2.3
•Netherlands 11.6
•Germany 8.4
•India 2.1
•China 5.0
•Italy 5.0
•Egypt 4.4
(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DISABILITY/Resources/Data/MontPrevalence.pdf)

163. Accessible Tourism

164. QutabComplex

168. DARK TOURISM
•Oneemergingareaofspecialinteresthasbeenidentified
byLennonandFoley(2000)as“DARK"tourism.
•Tourismthatinvolvestravellingtoplacesassociated
withdeathandsuffering.
•Thistypeoftourisminvolvesvisitsto"dark"sites,such
asbattlegrounds,scenesofhorrificcrimesoractsof
genocide,forexample:concentrationcamps.

170. DOOM TOURISM
•Alsoknownas"TourismofDoom,"or"LastChance
Tourism"thisemergingtrendinvolvestravelingto
placesthatareenvironmentallyorotherwise
threatened(theicecapsofMountKilimanjaro,the
meltingglaciersofPatagonia,ThecoraloftheGreat
BarrierReef)beforeitistoolate.
•Tourismmarketwheretouristsexplicitlyseek
vanishinglandscapesorseascapes,and/or
disappearingnaturaland/orsocialheritage”.
•IdentifiedbytraveltrademagazineTravelAgeWest
editor-in-chiefKennethShapiroin2007andlater
exploredinTheNewYorkTimes,thistypeof
tourismisbelievedtobeontherise.

173. PHOTOGRAPHIC TOURISM
•PhotographicHolidaysevolveoutofthepasttimeor
hobbyoftakingphotography.
•Sharedinterestofphotographyunitesmembersofatour
group,photographytripsareexchanged,tourguides
offerexpertadvice.
•TouristProfile-variedlevelofphotographyexperts,
beginnerstoexperts
•AgeGroup-17-80yrs,individualsinupperrangewith
moredisposableincomeandtime
•Morementhanwomen

174. •Limited number of tourists
•High ratio of tour guides to tourists is essential in
managing the tour
•Marketing and advertising is limited to periodic
magazines and specialist magazines
Types of Photography Holidays..
•Photography safari
•Guided photo
•Technical tuitions
•Photographic workshops
•Inclusion of professional photographers as team leaders

175. A Photographic Code of Conduct
Appropriate
Photography
•Besensitivetothesituationinwhichthephotographisbeing
taken
•Beawareofculturalvalues
•Avoidreligiousceremonies,takingpicturesintemplesand
otherprivatesituations
•Beawareoftheintrusionofflashesinsomecircumstances
Seek PermissionIt is polite to ask before taking someone’s picture. Remember to
say thank you
Respect People’s
wishes
•If someone objects, don’t take the photograph
•Some people believe that the camera steals the soul
Research the
Local Do’s and
Dont’s
•Read up about the local culture prior to travelling, especially
attitudes towards photography
•In Asia it is rude to touch someone on the head or step over
their legs to get your photograph

176. SPACE TOURISM

177. VIRTUAL TOURISM

178. ADVENTURE TOURISM

179. SPORTS TOURISM

180. SEX TOURISM

181. LGBT TOURISM

182. TEA TOURISM

186. CBT should:
•Recognize, support and promote community ownership of tourism.
•Involve community members from the start in every aspect;
•Promote community pride;
•Improve the quality of life;
•Ensure environmental sustainability;
•Preserve the unique character and culture of the local area;
•Foster cross-cultural learning;
•Respect cultural differences and human dignity;
•Distribute benefits fairly among community members;
•Contribute a fixed percentage of income to community projects.

187. Ecotourism CBT
1.Objectives:
Responsible management of natural
attractions, local culture and the
unique qualities of the
destination
Responsible management of the
environment,natural resources,
social system and culture in
response to the needs of the
community.
2. Ownership
Unspecified Community
3. Tourism Management
Unspecified Community
4. Tourism Linkages
Emphasizes tourismand the
environment
Emphasizesholistic development

188. CBT Short Visits
1.Duration of visit:
Adequatetime for understanding,
through observation, activities
and discussion.
Shorttime for observation; Little or no time
for visitors to participate in local activities.
Little or no exchange with the local people
increase cross-cultural understanding.
2. Participation in Community
Activities:
High Low
3. Learning and CulturalExchange:
High
Low
4.Pricing and Income:
Set by the community
The communityhas little control except in
the case of tours that come for the purpose of
purchasing local products from the “One
TambonOne Product” scheme
5. Tourist Understanding of the
Community:
Possible through meaningful
observation, conversationand
interaction with the community
members as the result of the
program design.
Only possiblethrough an outside resource
person who has knowledge of the local
community and acts as an ‘expert’
intermediary.

189. CBT Homestay
1.Definition:
Learning comes from the whole
community
Learning comes mostly from thehost family.
2. Accommodation:
Many types can be arranged
including tents, cabins,
homestaysor guesthouses
Accommodation in the home of the host family.
3. Learning Process:
Possible through interaction with
many types of people including
host families, local guides and
groups that organize activities
in the community.
Depends on the enthusiasm of both visitors and
the host family.
4. Community Benefits:
Community members of different
status can benefit by taking
various roles in tourism
management such as resource
persons, guided, hosts. Part of
the profits is contributed to
community projects.
Often only wealthier households have a chance
to provide accommodation and will collect
benefits for themselves, except in the case that
there are rules ensuring part of the profits are
contributed to communityprojects.

190. PRO-POOR TOURISM

191. •Wepreferthetermpovertyalleviationtourismover
“ProPoorTourism”aclumsytermwithnoble
sentiments.
•Pro-PoorTourismistourismthatresultsinincreased
netbenefitsforpoorpeople.
•PPTisnotaspecificproductornichesectorbutan
approachtotourismdevelopmentandmanagement.
•Itenhancesthelinkagesbetweentourismbusinesses
andpoorpeople,sothattourism’scontributionto
povertyreductionisincreasedandpoorpeopleare
abletoparticipatemoreeffectivelyinproduct
development.

192. •Linkswithmanydifferenttypesof‘thepoor’needtobe
considered:staff,neighboringcommunities,land-
holders,producersoffood,fuelandothersuppliers,
operatorsofmicrotourismbusinesses,craft-makers,
otherusersoftourisminfrastructure(roads)and
resources(water)etc.
•Therearemanytypesofpropoortourismstrategies,
rangingfromincreasinglocalemploymenttobuilding
mechanismforconsultation.
•Anytypeofcompanycanbeinvolvedinpro-poor
tourism-asmalllodge,anurbanhotel,atouroperator,
aninfrastructuredeveloper.
•Thecriticalfactorisnotthetypeofcompanyorthetype
oftourism,butthatanincreaseinthenetbenefitsthat
gotopoorpeoplecanbedemonstrated.

193. Keyprinciplesandstrategies
•Pro-poorstrategiesneedtobecomplementedbythedev
ofwidertourisminfrastructure.
•Pro-poorprinciplesapplytoanytourismsegment,
thoughspecificstrategieswillvarybetween,forexample,
masstourismandwildlifetourism.
•Focusonexpandingbenefits,notjustminimizingcoststo
thepoor.
•Involvebusinessindevelopmentinitiativesandbe
commerciallyrealistic.
•Donotexpectallthepoortobenefitequally,particularly
thepoorest20%.Somewilllose.

194. The7approachesforPovertyreductionthrough
Tourism:-
•Thefirstwayissimplythroughtheemploymentof
thepoorintourismenterprises.
•Thesecondwayisthroughthesupplyofgoodsand
servicestotourismenterprisesbythepoor.
•Thethirdwayisthroughdirectsalesofgoodsand
servicestovisitorsbythepoor.
•Fourthly,thereistheprocessofsupportingthe
establishmentoftourismenterprisesbythepoor.

195. •Thefifthwayinwhichtourismcanaddresspovertyis
throughataxorlevyontourismincomeorprofitswith
proceedsbenefitingpovertyreductionprogrammes.
•Thesixthwayisaboutvoluntarygivingbytourism
enterprisesandtourists.
•Finally,poorcommunitiescanbenefitfrominvestment
ininfrastructurestimulatedbytourism.

196. Increase
economic
benefits
Enhance non-
financial livelihood
impacts
Enhance
participation and
partnership
1. Boost local
employment,
wages
2. Boost local
enterprise
opportunities
3. Create
collective income
sources –fees,
revenue shares
1. Capacity building,
training
2. Mitigate
environmental impacts
3. Address competing
use of natural
resources
4. Improve social,
cultural impacts
5. Increase local
access to
infrastructure and
services
1. Create more
supportive
policy/planning
framework
2. Increase
participation of the
poor in decision-
making
3. Build pro-poor
partnerships with
private sector
4. Increase flows of
information,
Types of PPT strategies……

197. CombiningNationalandLocalStrategies
•ArangeofstrategiesareneededtopromotePro-Poor
Tourism,attheLocalDestination,National/Policyleveland
theIntl.level.
•Adest.focusisidealforpracticalmeasurestomaximize
benefitsforthepoorwithinaspecificarea.
•Pro-activeinitiativescanbringgovt,communities,NGOs
andbusinesstogethertostimulateeconomiclinkages,local
participationandpartnerships.
•However,practicalactionusuallyneedstobeaccompanied
byasupportivepolicyframework.

198. •National/policy-levelinterventionsmaybeneededon
issuesrangingfromplanningandpolicyobjectives,
licensingandregistrationsystem,tenurelaws,tourism
training,businessincentives/regulationandinfrastructural
dev.
•Developmentofpro-poortourismrequiresastrong
planningframeworkandgovernmentcommitment.Ifthis
exists,smallchangesinrulescanhaveasignificanteffecton
implementationandimpacts.

199. HowisPPTdifferentfromotherformsofTourism?
PPTandthesustainabletourismagenda:
•TheprinciplesofSThavebeenwidelyadoptedbythe
tourismindustry.
•Thereisconsiderableoverlap,andmanySTinitiatives
includeconstructivePro-Poorelements.
•STfocusesmainlyonmainstreamdests,whicharemainlyin
theNorthwhilePPTfocusesontheSouth,wherethepoor
are.
•InST,environmentalconcernsdominate.Socailorlocal
benefitsareusuallyoneoftheseveralelementsof
sustainability.PovertyisthecorefocusofPPT.

200. •WhereSTdoesincludesocialconcerns,practicalguidanceis
oftenweak.
PPTalsooverlapswithbothEcotourismandCommunity
BasedTourism.
•Ecotourisminitiativesmayprovidebenefitstopeoplebut
theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeenv.
•CBTinitiativesaimtoincreaselocalpeople’sinvolvementin
tourismbutPPTinvolvesmorethanacommunityfocus.