typhoid Definition, Types of typhoid, .pptx

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1. Presentation

2. Introduction Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium  Salmonella  Typhi. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Once  Salmonella  Typhi bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream.

3. Etiology Caused by the bacterium salmonella typhoid Ingestion of contaminated food or water Contact with acute onset of typhoid Eating food or drinking beverages that handled by a person carrying the bacteria

4. Symptoms Symptoms are likely to start slowly, often showing up 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria. Fever that starts low and increases throughout the day Chills. Headache. Weakness and fatigue. Muscle aches. Stomach pain. Diarrhea or constipation. Rash.

5. Risk factor Work in or travel to areas where typhoid fever is established, especially if you travel to visit family or friends.  Work as a clinical microbiologist handling Salmonella enterica serotype typhi bacteria. Have close contact with someone who is infected or has recently been infected with typhoid fever.

6. Complications Complications caused by typhoid fever usually only happen in people who haven't been treated with appropriate antibiotics or who weren't treated straight away The 2 most common complications in untreated typhoid fever are: internal bleeding in the digestive system splitting (perforation) of a section of the digestive system or bowel, which spreads the infection to nearby tissue

7. Internal bleeding Most internal bleeding that happens in typhoid fever isn't life threatening, but it can make you feel very unwell. Symptoms include: feeling tired all the time breathlessness pale skin an irregular heartbeat vomiting blood poo that's very dark or tar-like A  blood transfusion  may be required to replace lost blood, and surgery can be used to repair the site of the bleeding.

8. Perforation Perforation is potentially a very serious complication. This is because bacteria that live in your digestive system can move into your stomach and infect the lining of your abdomen (the peritoneum). This is known as  peritonitis .

9. Investigations Widal test CBC – Leucopenia with relative lymphocytosis Blood culture- During 1 st week of illness Stool culture – During 3 rd week Urine culture – During 4 th week

10. Treatment Activity – rest is helpful Medical care Antibiotics Corticosteroids Diet – fluid and electrolyte should be monitored

11. Antibiotics Fluoroquinolone ( drug of choice ) Ampicillin (750mg) Ciprofloxacin (500mg) 3 rd generation of cephalosporin – ceftriaxone , cefotaxime,

12. prevention Typhoid fever is common in places with poor sanitation and a lack of safe drinking water. Access to safe water and adequate sanitation, hygiene among food handlers and typhoid vaccination are all effective in preventing typhoid fever