typification

NOMENCLATURE TYPES

1. The Type Method 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 2 Typification

2. The Type Method The names of different taxonomic groups are based on the type method. The TYPE is a certain representative of the group is The TYPE is the source of the name for the group. The TYPE called the nomenclatural type or simply the type, this method is called as TYPIFICATION. The TYPE may not be the most typical member of the group, The TYPE only fixes the name of a particular taxon and the two are permanently associated. The type of a family and the higher groups is ultimately a genus A type of a particular genus is a species, e.g. Poa pratensis for Poa 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 3

3. The Type Method Type may be correct name or even a synonym. Thus the tea family name ( Theaceae ) is derived from synonym Thea although the correct name for the genus is Camellia. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 4 Mimosa is the type for family Mimosaceae Mimosaceae, family has pentamerous flowers in general, but the the type genus Mimosa has tetramerous flowers .

4. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 5 large family Urticaceae was split into a number of smaller natural families, the name Urticaceae was retained for the group containing the genus Urtica, (other families Moraceae (genus Morus , Cannabaceae ( genus Cannabis) Tiliaceae (type genus Tilia )ss merged with Malvaceae . Tilia to Malvaceae , but retains rest of the genera. This necessitated name change for Tiliaceae . New name Grewiaceae , with Grewia as the type genus

5. The Type Method The type , is a single type specimen, preserved in a herbarium identified by the place of collection, name of the collector and collection number. Can be an illustration of the plant consist of a single /several plants (parts) or of multiple small plants. A specimen is mounted on a single herbarium sheet or in a box, packet, jar or microscope slide. Type specimens must be preserved permanently Type is never living plants or cultures. when publishing a new species a TYPE Specimen is required. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 6

6. The type, is a single type specimen, preserved in a known herbarium and identified by the place of collection, name of the collector and his collection number. Code recognizes several kinds of type, depending upon the way in which a type specimen is selected. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 7

7. Holotype The single specimen designated as the type of a species by the original author at the time the species name and description was published. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 8

8. Isotype: A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype, collected from the same place, at the same time and bycate of the holotype, collected from the same place, at the same time and by the same person. Often the collection number is also the same, differentiated as a, b, c, etc 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 9

9. Syntype : Any one of the two or more specimens cited by the author when no holotype was designated, or any one of the two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types. Duplicate of a syntype is an isosyntype 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 10

10. Paratype :  paratype is a specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes if two or more specimens were simultaneously designated as types. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 11

11. . Lectotype : : A specimen or any other element selected from the original material cited by the author when no holotype was originally selected or when it no longer exists. A lectotype is selected from isotypes or syntypes.  . 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 12

12. . Neotype A specimen chosen by a later researcher to serve in place of a holotype when all specimens available to the original publishing author of a scientific name have been lost or destroyed.  : : 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 13

13. Topotype Topotype is often the name given to a specimen collected from the same locality from which the holotype was originally collected. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 14 TOPOTYPE SPECIMEN

14. 17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 15 Thank you

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