U-4B-CNS infection- Encephalitis.pptx hh hh

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1. What is Encephalitis? Encephalitis is a medical condition characterised by inflammation of the brain tissue, specifically the parenchyma, which is the functional tissue of the brain. This inflammation can be caused b y various factors, including infections. When the brain becomes inflamed, it can disrupt normal brain function and lead to a range of symptoms. If not promptly diagnosed and treated, encephalitis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

2. Types of Encephalitis Viral Encephalitis : This form of encephalitis is caused by viral infections , Eg., herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis , varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV ) Arboviral Encephalitis : (arthropod-borne viruses) are a specific group of viruses transmitted primarily through the bites of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies . Examples : West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE) . Bacterial Encephalitis : While less common than viral encephalitis, bacterial infections can also lead to inflammation of the brain tissue . Eg., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae . Autoimmune Encephalitis : n some cases, encephalitis may result from an autoimmune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the brain tissue. Examples : anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and Hashimoto's encephalopathy. Primarty Encephaliti s- It occurs when a virus directly infect the brain and spinal cord. Secondary Encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travel to your brain.

3. What are the Symptoms of Encephalitis? Fever Headache Confusion or altered mental status Seizures Nausea and Vomiting Neurological symptoms Sensitivity to light or sound Stiff Neck Changes in consciousness

4. Mode of Infection Direct Invasion: Through bites (rabies), insect vectors (arboviruses) Indirect Routes: Nasal mucosa (HSV), bloodstream, immunological reactions post-infection (ADEM) Mode of Transmission  Direct Invasion: Through bites (rabies), insect vectors (arboviruses) Indirect Routes: Nasal mucosa (HSV), bloodstream, immunological reactions post-infection (ADEM) Prevention and Control Measures Vaccination: Japanese encephalitis, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) Vector Control: Mosquito repellents, netting Prompt treatment of underlying infections Isolation (in some viral forms

5. Prevention and Management by Physiotherapy Early Rehabilitation: Initiated as soon as the patient is stable to prevent complications and maximize recovery . Goals: Improve mobility, strength, balance, and coordination. Enhance functional independence in daily activities. Address cognitive and behavioral deficits

6. Common Physiotherapy Interventions: Range of Motion Exercises: Maintain joint flexibility and prevent contractures. Strengthening Exercises : Improve muscle power, especially in weakened limbs. Balance and Coordination Training : Reduce fall risk and enhance motor control. Functional Training: Task-oriented activities (e.g., walking, transfers, self-care). Fine Motor Exercises : For hand function and cognitive improvement. Cognitive Rehabilitation: Activities to stimulate memory, attention, and problem-solving. Other Modalities: Massage, acupressure, aquatic therapy, electrical stimulation, thermotherapy, and therapeutic ultrasound as needed. Caregiver Educatio: Training families in safe handling, exercise routines, and environmental modifications. Prevention of Complications: Early Mobilization : Reduces risk of pressure sores, deep vein thrombosis, and pneumonia. Adaptive Equipment: Use of assistive devices for mobility and self-care as needed

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