Umbelliferous fruits
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Feb 09, 2016
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About This Presentation
General characters and drugs of Umbellifeae
Slide Content
COMMON CH ARACTERS OFOF UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS
1- They are usually cremocarps either entire or separated into its mericarps.
2- At the apex of fruit, there may be five small inconspicuous sepals, e.g., coriander, and
in the centre are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the
stylopod
3- Each mericarp has 2 surfaces, a flat surface called the commissural surface and
arounded one called the dorsal surface.
4- The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundle called primary
ridge between which may be found 4 ridges over the secretory canals and called
secondary ridges; primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in coriander where
the secondary ridges are more conspicuous.
5- There is a minute thread lies between the 2 mericarps usually attached basally to the
pedicel and apically to the stylopod, it is called carpophore.
6- Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. The seeds
shows a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a raphe in the middle of the
commissural side.
7- Mostly, the mericarp is longitudinally traversed by 5 vascular bundles in the primary
ridges and by 6 schizogenous secretory ducts called vittae, 4 on the dorsal surface and
2 on the commissural one. The vittae may be simple as in fennel, branched as in anise
or almost inconspicuous as in Hemlock.
8- The endocarp mother cells are divided into groups of narrow parallel cells which may
be parallel to each other forming parallel arrangement or variously oriented forming
parquetry arrangement.
9- The endosperm cells contain aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more
micro- rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
10- Umbelliferous fruits usually contain volatile oil secreted by the vittae but other
constituents are reported in Ammi visnage which contain bitter principles and in
Hemlock which contains alkaloids.
1- They are usually cremocarps either entire or separated into its mericarps.
2- At the apex of fruit, there may be five small inconspicuous sepals, e.g., coriander, and
in the centre are the two styles surrounded below by disc-like nectary forming the
stylopod
3- Each mericarp has 2 surfaces, a flat surface called the commissural surface and
arounded one called the dorsal surface.
4- The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundle called primary
ridge between which may be found 4 ridges over the secretory canals and called
secondary ridges; primary ridges are mostly more prominent except in coriander where
the secondary ridges are more conspicuous.
5- There is a minute thread lies between the 2 mericarps usually attached basally to the
pedicel and apically to the stylopod, it is called carpophore.
6- Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropous ovule. The seeds
shows a large oily endosperm, small apical embryo and a raphe in the middle of the
commissural side.
7- Mostly, the mericarp is longitudinally traversed by 5 vascular bundles in the primary
ridges and by 6 schizogenous secretory ducts called vittae, 4 on the dorsal surface and
2 on the commissural one. The vittae may be simple as in fennel, branched as in anise
or almost inconspicuous as in Hemlock.
8- The endocarp mother cells are divided into groups of narrow parallel cells which may
be parallel to each other forming parallel arrangement or variously oriented forming
parquetry arrangement.
9- The endosperm cells contain aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more
micro- rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
10- Umbelliferous fruits usually contain volatile oil secreted by the vittae but other
constituents are reported in Ammi visnage which contain bitter principles and in
Hemlock which contains alkaloids.
Unbelliferous fruits
1- Fennel –
Botanical Source: Fennel is the dried fruits of Foeniculum capillaceum (sweet fennel)
family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source:The plant is native to the Mediterranean coasts, cultinated now in
Europe, India, china and Egypt.
Morphology of the fruit
The fruit consists of entire cremocarp. The fruit is oval oblong, yellowish green to
yellowish brown, and glabrous. The mericarps are elliptical, tapering slightly towards
both ends, 5-sided with wide commisulal side. Each mericap is crowned with a short
conical stylopod and bears 5 paler prominent primary ridges. The commissural surface
shows two dark brownish ereas over the vittae.
The transverse cut shows the presence of primary ridges in each mericarp, in each of
which is a vascular strand , 6 brown vittae, 4 in the dorsal side and 2 in the commissural
1- Fennel –
Botanical Source: Fennel is the dried fruits of Foeniculum capillaceum (sweet fennel)
family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source:The plant is native to the Mediterranean coasts, cultinated now in
Europe, India, china and Egypt.
Morphology of the fruit
The fruit consists of entire cremocarp. The fruit is oval oblong, yellowish green to
yellowish brown, and glabrous. The mericarps are elliptical, tapering slightly towards
both ends, 5-sided with wide commisulal side. Each mericap is crowned with a short
conical stylopod and bears 5 paler prominent primary ridges. The commissural surface
shows two dark brownish ereas over the vittae.
The transverse cut shows the presence of primary ridges in each mericarp, in each of
which is a vascular strand , 6 brown vittae, 4 in the dorsal side and 2 in the commissural
side, large oily endosperm and a small apical embryo.
77
plate 79
78
Microscopical examination
I – Pericarp
a- Epicarp consists of thick- walled rectangular polygonal cells with smooth cuticle
showing few anomocytic stomatata and hairs.
b- Mesocarp is formed of rather thick- walled parenchyma traversed by 6 large vittae
appearing elliptical in T.S. and having epithelial cells, and in the ridges by vascular
bundles, each having 2 lateral phloem stands and an inner xylem accompanied by an
upper and lower groups of characteristic lignified reticulate parenchyma. These
thickned cells have large oval or rounded pits.
c- Endocarp it is formed of a single layer of narrow elongated cells arranged in groups
of 6 or more cells, with their axes parallel but set obliquely to the long axes of the
adjoining groups forming parquetry arrangement.
II- Seed
a- Seed–coat is thin formed of brownish tangentialy elongated cells, within it is a
collapsed hyaline layer.
b- Endosperm is formed of thick-walled polygonal cellulosic parenchyma containing
fixed oil, several aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more micro rosette
crystals of calcium oxalate.
III- Carpophore oftenly not splitted, showing very thick-walled sclerenchyma in two
strands.
The powder:
It is yellowish – brown to greenish brown in color with agreeable aromatic odour and
I – Pericarp
a- Epicarp consists of thick- walled rectangular polygonal cells with smooth cuticle
showing few anomocytic stomatata and hairs.
b- Mesocarp is formed of rather thick- walled parenchyma traversed by 6 large vittae
appearing elliptical in T.S. and having epithelial cells, and in the ridges by vascular
bundles, each having 2 lateral phloem stands and an inner xylem accompanied by an
upper and lower groups of characteristic lignified reticulate parenchyma. These
thickned cells have large oval or rounded pits.
c- Endocarp it is formed of a single layer of narrow elongated cells arranged in groups
of 6 or more cells, with their axes parallel but set obliquely to the long axes of the
adjoining groups forming parquetry arrangement.
II- Seed
a- Seed–coat is thin formed of brownish tangentialy elongated cells, within it is a
collapsed hyaline layer.
b- Endosperm is formed of thick-walled polygonal cellulosic parenchyma containing
fixed oil, several aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and one or more micro rosette
crystals of calcium oxalate.
III- Carpophore oftenly not splitted, showing very thick-walled sclerenchyma in two
strands.
The powder:
It is yellowish – brown to greenish brown in color with agreeable aromatic odour and
aromatic sweet taste. It is characterized microscopically by:
1- Fragments of colorless, thick walled polygonal endosperm cells containing globules
of fixed oil And aleurone grains containing micro- rosette crystals of calcium oxalate
2- Fragments of epidermal cells of the pericarp, usually polygonal with smooth cuticle
and very few anomocytic stomata.
3- Few fragments of yellowish – brown vittae generally crossed by the endocarpal cells.
4- Fragment of lignified reticulate parenchyma generally accompanied by narrow fibers
with numerous oblique simple pits.
5- Hairs and starch granules are generally absent.
1- Fragments of colorless, thick walled polygonal endosperm cells containing globules
of fixed oil And aleurone grains containing micro- rosette crystals of calcium oxalate
2- Fragments of epidermal cells of the pericarp, usually polygonal with smooth cuticle
and very few anomocytic stomata.
3- Few fragments of yellowish – brown vittae generally crossed by the endocarpal cells.
4- Fragment of lignified reticulate parenchyma generally accompanied by narrow fibers
with numerous oblique simple pits.
5- Hairs and starch granules are generally absent.
Plate 80
81
81
Constituents:
Fennel contains from 2-5% and not less than 1.4% of volatile oil which contains mainly
anethole (60-80%) and the terpene ketone fenchone. The fruit also contains about 20%
of proteins and 12-18% of fixed oil.
Uses:
Fennel is an agreeable aromatic carminative. The volatile oil has a pronounced
estrogenic activity. The fixed oil is suggested as a
suestitute for cocoa butter in the preparation of suppositories.
2- Anise fruit, Aniseed
Anise is the dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source.
It is indigenous to Egypt, Greece and Turkey, now cultivated in Russia, Spain and
Bulgaria.
Morphology:
It occurs as entire cremocarps with the pedicels attached but partly separated into
mericarps. The cremocarp is ovoid conical, pear-shaped, grayish-brown or grayish and
crowned by a short bifurcate stylopod . The outer surface is rather rough due to the
presence of numerous very short, stiff hairs and shows 5 very raised pale brown primary
ridges. The T.S. shows a pericarp with 20-40 vittae on the dorsal surface due to the
Fennel contains from 2-5% and not less than 1.4% of volatile oil which contains mainly
anethole (60-80%) and the terpene ketone fenchone. The fruit also contains about 20%
of proteins and 12-18% of fixed oil.
Uses:
Fennel is an agreeable aromatic carminative. The volatile oil has a pronounced
estrogenic activity. The fixed oil is suggested as a
suestitute for cocoa butter in the preparation of suppositories.
2- Anise fruit, Aniseed
Anise is the dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source.
It is indigenous to Egypt, Greece and Turkey, now cultivated in Russia, Spain and
Bulgaria.
Morphology:
It occurs as entire cremocarps with the pedicels attached but partly separated into
mericarps. The cremocarp is ovoid conical, pear-shaped, grayish-brown or grayish and
crowned by a short bifurcate stylopod . The outer surface is rather rough due to the
presence of numerous very short, stiff hairs and shows 5 very raised pale brown primary
ridges. The T.S. shows a pericarp with 20-40 vittae on the dorsal surface due to the
branching of the original 4 vittae and 2 vittae on the commissural side. The endosperm
is not deeply grooved. Anise has strong aromatic characteristic agreeable odour and
sweet aromatic taste.
82
is not deeply grooved. Anise has strong aromatic characteristic agreeable odour and
sweet aromatic taste.
82
Plate 80
Microscopical Characters
I- Pericarp
Epicarps consists of polygonal cells with striated cuticle, many of which project into
Microscopical Characters
I- Pericarp
Epicarps consists of polygonal cells with striated cuticle, many of which project into
short conical curved thick–walled unicellular, occasionally bicellular covering hairs with
bluntly pointed apex and finely warty cuticle.
Mesocarp consists of parenchyma traversed by numerous schizogenous vittae with
brown epithelial cells and ineach primary ridge by a small vascular bundle. Few porous
cells are present only in the middle of the commissural side.
Endocarp is composed of narrow tangentially elongated thin – walled cells except when
adjacent to porous cells where it consists of porous lignified cells.
II Seed: Seed–coat is formed of on epidermis of polygonal brown cells with collapsed
layer underneath.
83
bluntly pointed apex and finely warty cuticle.
Mesocarp consists of parenchyma traversed by numerous schizogenous vittae with
brown epithelial cells and ineach primary ridge by a small vascular bundle. Few porous
cells are present only in the middle of the commissural side.
Endocarp is composed of narrow tangentially elongated thin – walled cells except when
adjacent to porous cells where it consists of porous lignified cells.
II Seed: Seed–coat is formed of on epidermis of polygonal brown cells with collapsed
layer underneath.
83
Endosperm is formed of thick- walled cellulosic cells containg fixed oil and aleurone
grains and micro-crystals of calcium oxalate.
III Carpophore, splites passing at the apex into the raphe of each mericarp and is
traversed by a vascular strand of fibers and spiral vessels.
Powdered Anise :
It is grey, greenish-brown or yellowish brown in color with characteristic sweet
agreeable and aromatic odour and taste.
The powder microscopically shows the following:
1- Numerous warty simple hairs which is conical curved with thick walls, bluntly pointed
apices and finally warty cuticle.
2- Fragments of pericarp with yellowish–brown comparatively narrow branching vittae,
usually crossed by cells of the endocarp.
3- Numerous fragments of the endosperm cells with thick cellulosic walls and containg
fixed oil globules and aleurone grains containing microrostte crystals of calcium
oxalate.
4- Fragments of epicarp formed of polygonal cells with striated cuticle and anomocytic
stomata.
grains and micro-crystals of calcium oxalate.
III Carpophore, splites passing at the apex into the raphe of each mericarp and is
traversed by a vascular strand of fibers and spiral vessels.
Powdered Anise :
It is grey, greenish-brown or yellowish brown in color with characteristic sweet
agreeable and aromatic odour and taste.
The powder microscopically shows the following:
1- Numerous warty simple hairs which is conical curved with thick walls, bluntly pointed
apices and finally warty cuticle.
2- Fragments of pericarp with yellowish–brown comparatively narrow branching vittae,
usually crossed by cells of the endocarp.
3- Numerous fragments of the endosperm cells with thick cellulosic walls and containg
fixed oil globules and aleurone grains containing microrostte crystals of calcium
oxalate.
4- Fragments of epicarp formed of polygonal cells with striated cuticle and anomocytic
stomata.
84
Plate 82
Constituents :
The fruits yield from 1.5-3.5% of volatile oil containing up to 90% of the phenolic ether
anethole. It also contains proteins and about 8-11% of fixed oil.
85
Constituents :
The fruits yield from 1.5-3.5% of volatile oil containing up to 90% of the phenolic ether
anethole. It also contains proteins and about 8-11% of fixed oil.
85
Uses:
Anise is employed as an aromatic and carminative. The oil is used widely in
pharmaceutical preparation. Marked estrogenic activity is reported for the volatile oil.
3- Coriander fruits, fructus coriandri
Coriander is the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, family Umbelliferae.
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in Russia, Hungary, North Africa and India. The unripe fruit has strong
disagreeable odour, whence the name coriander from a Greek name means a bug.
Description:
The drug usually consists of the whole cremocarp, which are sub-spherical, 3-5mm in
diameter, nealy glabrous, brownish– yellow or brown in color, each is crowned by 5
small sepals and a short conical stylopod. The mericarps are usually united by their
margins. The dorsal surface of each mericarp shows 5 inconspicuous wavy primary
ridges and 4 more prominent straight secondary ridges. The transverse section of fully
ripe mericarp shows only 2 vittae in the commissural side but no vittae in the dorsal
one, an almost complete ring of sclerenchyma in the dorsal side, a large oily endosperm
and a small curved apical embryo. Coriander has aromatic odour and aromatic spicy
and characteristic taste.
Microscopical charavters:
Anise is employed as an aromatic and carminative. The oil is used widely in
pharmaceutical preparation. Marked estrogenic activity is reported for the volatile oil.
3- Coriander fruits, fructus coriandri
Coriander is the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, family Umbelliferae.
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in Russia, Hungary, North Africa and India. The unripe fruit has strong
disagreeable odour, whence the name coriander from a Greek name means a bug.
Description:
The drug usually consists of the whole cremocarp, which are sub-spherical, 3-5mm in
diameter, nealy glabrous, brownish– yellow or brown in color, each is crowned by 5
small sepals and a short conical stylopod. The mericarps are usually united by their
margins. The dorsal surface of each mericarp shows 5 inconspicuous wavy primary
ridges and 4 more prominent straight secondary ridges. The transverse section of fully
ripe mericarp shows only 2 vittae in the commissural side but no vittae in the dorsal
one, an almost complete ring of sclerenchyma in the dorsal side, a large oily endosperm
and a small curved apical embryo. Coriander has aromatic odour and aromatic spicy
and characteristic taste.
Microscopical charavters:
I – Pericarp
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a- Epicarp is composed of polygonal tubular thick- walled cells and showing occasional
small prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, few anisocytic stomata and no hairs.
b- Mesocarp is formed of 3 different zones, the outer zone consists of few layers of
tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells usally collapsed, showing degenerated
vittae as tangentially flattened cavities and longitudinally traversed by 10 vascular
stands with small spiral vessels. The middle zone is formed of a broad layer of
sclerenchyma consisting of strongly lignified pitted fusiform fibres in 2 sinous bands
crossing each other at right angles, the outer 5 to 6 rows run longitudinally while the
inner, 1 to 3 rows rung tangentially, in the secondary ridges almost all the cells runs
tangentially. The inner zone is composed of 2-3 rows of large tangentially elongated
thin walled parenchyma.
The inner most layer of the mesocarp conists of flattened hexagonal thin – walled
sclerenchyma. Mesocarp on the commissural side shows no sclerenchyma but two large
elliptical yellowish brown vittae.
c- Endocarp is formed of very narrow elongated thin – walled cells, arranged in
variously oriented groups i.e., parquetry arranged .
II- Seeds the seed coat is formed of polygonal brown cells with narrow collapsed layer
underneath. The endosperm is composed of thick- walled cellulosic cells containing
fixed oil and aleurone grains including globoids and micro rosette crystals of calcium
oxalate.
III- Carpophore, splits, passing at the apex of each mericarp into the raphe and at the
base to the pedicel.
small prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, few anisocytic stomata and no hairs.
b- Mesocarp is formed of 3 different zones, the outer zone consists of few layers of
tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells usally collapsed, showing degenerated
vittae as tangentially flattened cavities and longitudinally traversed by 10 vascular
stands with small spiral vessels. The middle zone is formed of a broad layer of
sclerenchyma consisting of strongly lignified pitted fusiform fibres in 2 sinous bands
crossing each other at right angles, the outer 5 to 6 rows run longitudinally while the
inner, 1 to 3 rows rung tangentially, in the secondary ridges almost all the cells runs
tangentially. The inner zone is composed of 2-3 rows of large tangentially elongated
thin walled parenchyma.
The inner most layer of the mesocarp conists of flattened hexagonal thin – walled
sclerenchyma. Mesocarp on the commissural side shows no sclerenchyma but two large
elliptical yellowish brown vittae.
c- Endocarp is formed of very narrow elongated thin – walled cells, arranged in
variously oriented groups i.e., parquetry arranged .
II- Seeds the seed coat is formed of polygonal brown cells with narrow collapsed layer
underneath. The endosperm is composed of thick- walled cellulosic cells containing
fixed oil and aleurone grains including globoids and micro rosette crystals of calcium
oxalate.
III- Carpophore, splits, passing at the apex of each mericarp into the raphe and at the
base to the pedicel.
87
plate 83
88
Powder coriander
Powder coriander is light brown to brown in color with aromatic odour and
characteristic aromatic taste. It is characterised microscopically by:
1- Numerous irregular fragments of endosperm cells containing globules of fixed oils
and aleurone grains containing micro-rossette crystals of calcium oxalate.
2- Fragments of endocarp cells associated with hexagonal sclerenchyma of the
innermost layer of the mesocarp.
3- Fragments of characteristic irregularly curved yellowish pitted lignified fusiform fibers
of the mesocarp in sinuous rows, often crossing at right angles.
4- Fragments of parenchymatous cells of the mesocarp without reticulate thickening.
5- Very few fragments showing pieces of yellowish brown vittae.
6- Hairs and starch granules are completely absent.
Powder coriander is light brown to brown in color with aromatic odour and
characteristic aromatic taste. It is characterised microscopically by:
1- Numerous irregular fragments of endosperm cells containing globules of fixed oils
and aleurone grains containing micro-rossette crystals of calcium oxalate.
2- Fragments of endocarp cells associated with hexagonal sclerenchyma of the
innermost layer of the mesocarp.
3- Fragments of characteristic irregularly curved yellowish pitted lignified fusiform fibers
of the mesocarp in sinuous rows, often crossing at right angles.
4- Fragments of parenchymatous cells of the mesocarp without reticulate thickening.
5- Very few fragments showing pieces of yellowish brown vittae.
6- Hairs and starch granules are completely absent.
89
plate 84
Constituents :
Coriander fruits of good quality yield from 0.8-1.0% of volatile oil, the chief constituent
of which is the terpene alcohol linalol (65-90%). It also contains fixed oil and proteins.
90
Constituents :
Coriander fruits of good quality yield from 0.8-1.0% of volatile oil, the chief constituent
of which is the terpene alcohol linalol (65-90%). It also contains fixed oil and proteins.
90
Uses:
It is used as a flavoring agent and carminative, the powdered fruits find wide use in the
Egyptian kitchen as a spice and the oil is used in perfumery.
4- Ammi Visnaga, Visnaga fruit,khelle, Khilla !
Ammi Visnaga fruit is the dried ripe fruit of ammi visnaga, family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source:
The plant is indigenous to the Nile Delta, the Fayoum, the Mediterranean region and
the Near East. The name khelle is Egyptian and visnaga is cultivated in Egypt.
Description:
The drug consists of separate mericarps with few entire cremocarps. The mericarp is
small ovoid and surmounted by a pyramidal stylopod bearing at its apex a refluxed
style. The outer surface is brownish to greenish brown colour with a violet tinge,
glabrous and marked with 5 distinct pale brownish rather broad primary nidges and 4
inconspicuous secondary ridges.
A transverse section of the mericarp is an almost regular pentagone showing a pericarp
It is used as a flavoring agent and carminative, the powdered fruits find wide use in the
Egyptian kitchen as a spice and the oil is used in perfumery.
4- Ammi Visnaga, Visnaga fruit,khelle, Khilla !
Ammi Visnaga fruit is the dried ripe fruit of ammi visnaga, family Umbelliferae.
Geographical source:
The plant is indigenous to the Nile Delta, the Fayoum, the Mediterranean region and
the Near East. The name khelle is Egyptian and visnaga is cultivated in Egypt.
Description:
The drug consists of separate mericarps with few entire cremocarps. The mericarp is
small ovoid and surmounted by a pyramidal stylopod bearing at its apex a refluxed
style. The outer surface is brownish to greenish brown colour with a violet tinge,
glabrous and marked with 5 distinct pale brownish rather broad primary nidges and 4
inconspicuous secondary ridges.
A transverse section of the mericarp is an almost regular pentagone showing a pericarp
with 6 vittae, 4 in the dorsal and 2 in the commissural side with 5 vascular stands. The
seed has a large oily endosperm and a small apical embryo. The fruit has slightly
aromatic odour and aromatic bitter and slightly pungent taste.
91
seed has a large oily endosperm and a small apical embryo. The fruit has slightly
aromatic odour and aromatic bitter and slightly pungent taste.
91
Microscopical characters:
I- Pericarp :
Epicarp is formed of polygonal cells, elongated on the ridges with occasional crystals of
calcium oxalate and finely striated cuticle showing few anomocytic stomata and no
hairs.
Mesocarp is composed of parenchyma traversed longitudinally by the schizogenous
vittae, on the outer side of which is a group of radiating club-shaped cells, and in the
ridges, by 5 vascular bundles, forming a cresent around a comparatively large
schizogemous duct. The vascular bundles are accompanied by fibres and reticulate
lignified parenchyma. The inner most layer of the mesocarp consists of large polygonal,
brown –walled cells with porous inner wall, so called porous layer. Endocarp consists of
narrow tangentially elongated cells, some of these being regularly arranged in variously
oriented groups i.e., parquetry arranged.
II- The Seed: Seed–coat is formed of brownish polygonal cells within it is a collapsed
hyaline layer. The endosperm is formed of thick- walled polygonal cellulosic
parenchyma containing fixed oil and several aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and
one or more microrosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
I- Pericarp :
Epicarp is formed of polygonal cells, elongated on the ridges with occasional crystals of
calcium oxalate and finely striated cuticle showing few anomocytic stomata and no
hairs.
Mesocarp is composed of parenchyma traversed longitudinally by the schizogenous
vittae, on the outer side of which is a group of radiating club-shaped cells, and in the
ridges, by 5 vascular bundles, forming a cresent around a comparatively large
schizogemous duct. The vascular bundles are accompanied by fibres and reticulate
lignified parenchyma. The inner most layer of the mesocarp consists of large polygonal,
brown –walled cells with porous inner wall, so called porous layer. Endocarp consists of
narrow tangentially elongated cells, some of these being regularly arranged in variously
oriented groups i.e., parquetry arranged.
II- The Seed: Seed–coat is formed of brownish polygonal cells within it is a collapsed
hyaline layer. The endosperm is formed of thick- walled polygonal cellulosic
parenchyma containing fixed oil and several aleurone grains enclosing a globoid and
one or more microrosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
92
Plate 85
Powdered Ammi Visnaga:
Powdered Ammi Visnaga:
Powdered Ammi visnaga is brown in color and possesses a faint aromatic odour and an
aromatic bitter slightly pungent taste. It is characterised microscopically by the
following fragments:
1- Fragments of pericarp with few brownish pieces of vittae, reticulate cells, vessels and
fibers.
2- Fragments showing porous cells of the innermost layer of mesocarp crossed by and
intimately united with endocarpal cells showing parquetry arrangement.
3- Numerous fragments of the endo-sperm, formed of polygonal thick walled cellulosic
cells containing oil droplets and aleurone grains with microrosette crystals of calcium
oxalate.
4- Fragments of epicarp, formed of polygonal cells with striated cuticle and occasional
crystals of calcium oxalate.
5- No hairs and starch granules are present.
93
aromatic bitter slightly pungent taste. It is characterised microscopically by the
following fragments:
1- Fragments of pericarp with few brownish pieces of vittae, reticulate cells, vessels and
fibers.
2- Fragments showing porous cells of the innermost layer of mesocarp crossed by and
intimately united with endocarpal cells showing parquetry arrangement.
3- Numerous fragments of the endo-sperm, formed of polygonal thick walled cellulosic
cells containing oil droplets and aleurone grains with microrosette crystals of calcium
oxalate.
4- Fragments of epicarp, formed of polygonal cells with striated cuticle and occasional
crystals of calcium oxalate.
5- No hairs and starch granules are present.
93
Active constituents:
Khilla contains up to 1 but not less than 0.5% of the bitter priniciple called khellin. Other
constituents are visnagin, 0.1% and khellol - glucoside, 0.3%. In addition the fruits
contain about 18% of fixed oil and 12% of proteins.
Chemical test :
Boil about 0.1 gm of powdered khilla with 5ml of water for a minute, filter, add 1 or 2
drops of the filterate to a pellet of sodium hydroxide, a rose red color is produced
within 2 minutes.
Uses :
The drug relaxes smooth muscles and lower the tonicity of the ureter, so it is used to
ease the passage of kidney calculi. It is also a potent coronary vasodilator and has been
used in the treatment of Angina pectoris and bronchial asthma. The drug is also used as
a source of khellin.
5- Caraway fruit, Fructus caravi " #
Botanical source. Caraway is the dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi, family Umbelliferae
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in central and Northern Europe, Morocco and Egypt. It was well Known to
the Arabian physicians.
Khilla contains up to 1 but not less than 0.5% of the bitter priniciple called khellin. Other
constituents are visnagin, 0.1% and khellol - glucoside, 0.3%. In addition the fruits
contain about 18% of fixed oil and 12% of proteins.
Chemical test :
Boil about 0.1 gm of powdered khilla with 5ml of water for a minute, filter, add 1 or 2
drops of the filterate to a pellet of sodium hydroxide, a rose red color is produced
within 2 minutes.
Uses :
The drug relaxes smooth muscles and lower the tonicity of the ureter, so it is used to
ease the passage of kidney calculi. It is also a potent coronary vasodilator and has been
used in the treatment of Angina pectoris and bronchial asthma. The drug is also used as
a source of khellin.
5- Caraway fruit, Fructus caravi " #
Botanical source. Caraway is the dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi, family Umbelliferae
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in central and Northern Europe, Morocco and Egypt. It was well Known to
the Arabian physicians.
Morphology and characters :
Commercial drug consists chiefly of separated mericarps. The mericarp is norrow,
curved or cresent –shaped tapering towards both ends, 4 to 7 mm. long and 1mm
broad, almost equally 5-
94
Commercial drug consists chiefly of separated mericarps. The mericarp is norrow,
curved or cresent –shaped tapering towards both ends, 4 to 7 mm. long and 1mm
broad, almost equally 5-
94
sided. The outer surface is grayish –brown to dark brown, glabrous and marked with 5
yellowish longitudinal primary ridges and sometimes secondary ridges may be seen. A
transverse section of the mericarp is an almost regular pentagon in out line, the
commissural surface being slightly longer. It shows 6 vittae and 5 vascular bundles in
the pericarp which encloses a seed with a large oily endosperm and small apical
embryo. Caraway has characteristic agreeable aromatic odour and taste.
Microscopical characters:
I- Pericarp: Epicarp consists of rectangular to polygonal cells with rather thick walls
with occasional stomata and striated cuticle.
Mesocarp is parenchymatous without reticulate thickening. It shows in each primary
ridge a vascular stand accompanied by a very small secretory duct above and by pitted
parenchyma. It is traversed by 6 large vittae, 4 on the dorsal and 2 on the commissural
side.
Endocarp consists of very narrow, thin – walled cells, usually regularly arranged parallel
to one another i.e., parallel arrangement .
II- Seed : Seed coat is formed of a single layer of polygonal brown cells with narrow
collapsed band below it . Endosperm cells is formed of thick – walled cells containg
fixed oil and aleurone grains.
yellowish longitudinal primary ridges and sometimes secondary ridges may be seen. A
transverse section of the mericarp is an almost regular pentagon in out line, the
commissural surface being slightly longer. It shows 6 vittae and 5 vascular bundles in
the pericarp which encloses a seed with a large oily endosperm and small apical
embryo. Caraway has characteristic agreeable aromatic odour and taste.
Microscopical characters:
I- Pericarp: Epicarp consists of rectangular to polygonal cells with rather thick walls
with occasional stomata and striated cuticle.
Mesocarp is parenchymatous without reticulate thickening. It shows in each primary
ridge a vascular stand accompanied by a very small secretory duct above and by pitted
parenchyma. It is traversed by 6 large vittae, 4 on the dorsal and 2 on the commissural
side.
Endocarp consists of very narrow, thin – walled cells, usually regularly arranged parallel
to one another i.e., parallel arrangement .
II- Seed : Seed coat is formed of a single layer of polygonal brown cells with narrow
collapsed band below it . Endosperm cells is formed of thick – walled cells containg
fixed oil and aleurone grains.
III – Carpophore : split, passing at the apex into the raphe of each mericarp, each with
a small strand of sclerenchyma.
95
a small strand of sclerenchyma.
95
plate 86
The powder
96
The powder
96
It is yellowish- brown to brownish- grey with characteristic aromatic odor and taste. It is
characterised microscopically by :
1- Numerous fragments of endosperm with thick- walled polygonal parenchymatous
cells containg fixed oil globules and aleurone grains containing microrosette crystals of
calcium oxalate.
2- Brownish fragments showing pieces of vittae generally crossed by the endocarp cells.
3- Few fragments of pericarp, showing epidermal cells with striated cuticle.
4- Few fragments of fibers and spiral vessels.
5- Fragments of lignified and pitted parenchyma but no reticulate cells.
6- Hairs and starch granules are absent.
characterised microscopically by :
1- Numerous fragments of endosperm with thick- walled polygonal parenchymatous
cells containg fixed oil globules and aleurone grains containing microrosette crystals of
calcium oxalate.
2- Brownish fragments showing pieces of vittae generally crossed by the endocarp cells.
3- Few fragments of pericarp, showing epidermal cells with striated cuticle.
4- Few fragments of fibers and spiral vessels.
5- Fragments of lignified and pitted parenchyma but no reticulate cells.
6- Hairs and starch granules are absent.
97
plate 87
Constituents
Caraway contains from 3.5 to 7 but not less than 3.5% of volatile oil, the principle
constituent of it is carvone (53-63%),
98
Constituents
Caraway contains from 3.5 to 7 but not less than 3.5% of volatile oil, the principle
constituent of it is carvone (53-63%),
98
dihydrocarvone, carveol and limonene. It also contain fixed oil and proteins.
Uses :
Large quantities of caraway fruits are used for culinary purposes. The fruits and the oil
are extensively used in medicine as a flouring agent and as an aromatic carminative.
6- Dill, Fructus Anethi $ % #
Botanical Source:
Dill is the dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens, family Umbelliferae.
Geogrraphical Source :
The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean, South Russia, England, Germany and
Roumania.
Description :
Dill usually consists of separate broadly oval mericarps, about 4 mm. long and 2 mm
broud. They are dorsally compressed, the two ventral ridges being prolonged into
membranous wings. The fruits have aromatic odour and taste.
Uses :
Large quantities of caraway fruits are used for culinary purposes. The fruits and the oil
are extensively used in medicine as a flouring agent and as an aromatic carminative.
6- Dill, Fructus Anethi $ % #
Botanical Source:
Dill is the dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens, family Umbelliferae.
Geogrraphical Source :
The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean, South Russia, England, Germany and
Roumania.
Description :
Dill usually consists of separate broadly oval mericarps, about 4 mm. long and 2 mm
broud. They are dorsally compressed, the two ventral ridges being prolonged into
membranous wings. The fruits have aromatic odour and taste.
99
plate 88
Microscopical characters
Each mericarp has an outer epidermis with a striated cuticle and the mescocarp
contains lignified reticulate parenchyma.
Constituents:
The chief constituents is the volatile oil, 3-4% which contains carvone (53-63%) and
limonene.
Uses :
Microscopical characters
Each mericarp has an outer epidermis with a striated cuticle and the mescocarp
contains lignified reticulate parenchyma.
Constituents:
The chief constituents is the volatile oil, 3-4% which contains carvone (53-63%) and
limonene.
Uses :
Dill is employed as an aromatic stimulant and carminative to relieve flatulence
particularly for infants.
7- Hemlock Fruits, Fructus conii %
Hemlock is the dried unripe fruits of Conium maculatum, family Umbelliferae.
It is poisonous plant indigenous to Britain and Europe and was used by the Greeks for
preparing a draught by means of which criminals were put to death.
Description :
The fruit is grayish- green in color, broadly ovoid and slightly laterally compressed,
about 3mm long and bears a small
100
particularly for infants.
7- Hemlock Fruits, Fructus conii %
Hemlock is the dried unripe fruits of Conium maculatum, family Umbelliferae.
It is poisonous plant indigenous to Britain and Europe and was used by the Greeks for
preparing a draught by means of which criminals were put to death.
Description :
The fruit is grayish- green in color, broadly ovoid and slightly laterally compressed,
about 3mm long and bears a small
100
stylopod with the remains of the stigma. Each mericarp has 5 palar prominent ridges,
which are irregularly enlarged at intervals giving them a wavy appearance . There are no
vittae in the pericarp, the endocarp is developed as a layer of cells containing alkaloids
and called coniine layer.
which are irregularly enlarged at intervals giving them a wavy appearance . There are no
vittae in the pericarp, the endocarp is developed as a layer of cells containing alkaloids
and called coniine layer.
plate 89
Constituents
Hemlock contains mainly a steam volatile alkaloid called coniine (1-2.5%) together with
N- methyl coniine, and conhydrine.
Chemical test for identification :
101
Constituents
Hemlock contains mainly a steam volatile alkaloid called coniine (1-2.5%) together with
N- methyl coniine, and conhydrine.
Chemical test for identification :
101
Hemlock on treatment with solution of potassium hydroxide develops a strong mouse-
like odor owing to the liberation of coniine. It gives also a positive Mayer's test for
alkaloids.
Uses :
Hemlock is used in spasmodic and convulsion diseases as tetanus and epilepsy and
whooping cough. The alkaloid depresses the motor nerve endings so in large doses
resulting death from respiratory paralysis.
8. Ammi majus &' !
Ammi majus is the dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus, family Umbelliferae
Geographical source
The plant is indigenous to Egypt
Description:
Ammi majus is closely resemble Ammi visnage but can be differentiated by the :
1- Ammi majus is larger in size, about 3 mm. long and 1.5 mm wide.
2- The mericarp is oval, ablong almost cylindrical with yellowish brown outer surface
but with no violet tinge.
3- The outer surface is glabrous and marked with 5 distinct primary ridges and 4
prominent secondary ridges
like odor owing to the liberation of coniine. It gives also a positive Mayer's test for
alkaloids.
Uses :
Hemlock is used in spasmodic and convulsion diseases as tetanus and epilepsy and
whooping cough. The alkaloid depresses the motor nerve endings so in large doses
resulting death from respiratory paralysis.
8. Ammi majus &' !
Ammi majus is the dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus, family Umbelliferae
Geographical source
The plant is indigenous to Egypt
Description:
Ammi majus is closely resemble Ammi visnage but can be differentiated by the :
1- Ammi majus is larger in size, about 3 mm. long and 1.5 mm wide.
2- The mericarp is oval, ablong almost cylindrical with yellowish brown outer surface
but with no violet tinge.
3- The outer surface is glabrous and marked with 5 distinct primary ridges and 4
prominent secondary ridges
4- The vascular bundles show neither schizogenous duct nor reticulate parenchyma.
5- The epicarp is formed of papillosed cells with striated cuticle, each cell contains one
or more calcium oxalate crystals in the forms of small prisms.
6- The cells of the inner most layer of the mesocarp have thick nonporous inner walls.
102
5- The epicarp is formed of papillosed cells with striated cuticle, each cell contains one
or more calcium oxalate crystals in the forms of small prisms.
6- The cells of the inner most layer of the mesocarp have thick nonporous inner walls.
102
Constituents:
Ammi majus contains bitter principles formerly known as ammoidin but it was found to
be a mixture of 3 bitter principles which are: xanthotoxin, bergapten and imperatorin. It
also contain fixed oils and protein.
Uses :
A paint from the fruit is used in the treatment of leucodermia.
9- Cumin, Fructs cumini,
Cumin is the dried ripe fruits of Cuminum cyminum, family
Umbelliferae.
Geographical source
The plant is indigenous to Egypt and now cultivated in Morocco, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus
and India.
Description :
Cumin occurs as entire cremocarps or separated mericarps. The mericarp is elongated
ellipsoidal, 4 to 6 mm. long and 2 mm broad and slightly compressed laterally. It shows
5 yellowish straight primary ridges which bear bristly emergencies (shaggy hairs). I has
aromatic characteristic odor and aromatic spicy some what bitter taste
Constituent :
Ammi majus contains bitter principles formerly known as ammoidin but it was found to
be a mixture of 3 bitter principles which are: xanthotoxin, bergapten and imperatorin. It
also contain fixed oils and protein.
Uses :
A paint from the fruit is used in the treatment of leucodermia.
9- Cumin, Fructs cumini,
Cumin is the dried ripe fruits of Cuminum cyminum, family
Umbelliferae.
Geographical source
The plant is indigenous to Egypt and now cultivated in Morocco, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus
and India.
Description :
Cumin occurs as entire cremocarps or separated mericarps. The mericarp is elongated
ellipsoidal, 4 to 6 mm. long and 2 mm broad and slightly compressed laterally. It shows
5 yellowish straight primary ridges which bear bristly emergencies (shaggy hairs). I has
aromatic characteristic odor and aromatic spicy some what bitter taste
Constituent :
Cumin contains from 2.5 – 4% of volatile oil (Egyptian cumin contains up to 7.5 %), the
oil contains up to 50 % of cuminic aldehyde , periladehyde, α – pinene and α – terpineol
it contains also fixed oil and flavonoids.
103
oil contains up to 50 % of cuminic aldehyde , periladehyde, α – pinene and α – terpineol
it contains also fixed oil and flavonoids.
103
Uses :
Cumin is used as one of the commonest spice, as stimulant and carminative, in folk
medicine as a remedy for colic.
Cumin is used as one of the commonest spice, as stimulant and carminative, in folk
medicine as a remedy for colic.
104
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