unit 04-social interaction (1) 2 (2).pptx

Criminology

1. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Unit-04 SOCIAL INTERACTION Course Coordinator: Dr. Nasim Khan Mahsud UNIT-1

2. OBJECTIVES To identify the characteristics and importance of social interaction TO explain the relationship between social system and Individuality To distinguish between different types of roles and statuses To describe the importance of role in social interaction To understand the importance of nonverbal communication in every day life.

3. WHAT IS SOCIAL INTERACTION? Interaction takes place when the action of one person stimulates a response in the other. The mutual and reciprocal influencing by two or more people of each other's behavior is called social interaction. social interaction is the process by which people act towards or respond to other people.

4. EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION It includes any and all social behavior , such as: smiling at a friend driving a car in traffic asking your teacher a question having an argument with someone calling a relative on the telephone

5. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SOCIAL INTERACTION Social interaction consists of the interplay between your action and those of the other people. It is the building block that makes all other forms of social life possible. When we study social interaction, we study day-to-day social life of the people.

6. CONTINUED… People act in patterned ways based on social influences with the structure of their respective societies. It involves the detail study of what people say, do and think moment by moment as they go about their daily lives. Without it, you could not acquire the knowledge and skill that permit you to become a functioning member of society.

7. MICRO LEVEL STUDY Our day-to-day routines give structure and form to what we do. We can learn a great deal about ourselves as social being and about social life itself by studying social interaction. By studying social interaction at micro level, sociologist study the behavior of individual.

8. MACRO LEVEL STUDY Studying social interaction in every day life points towards larger social system. Large scale social system depends on the patterns of social interaction, in which members of society engage during the course of their daily lives. At macro level, it helps to study larger groups, institutions and social structure of any society.

9. BASIC ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE The basic elements or components of social structure are: Social Status Social Roles Groups Social Institutions

10. STATUS status refers to a recognized social position that an individual occupies in a society. Each status involves certain rights, privileges, obligations and expectations that are Widely recognized. Statuses guide the behavior of people in different social situations. They are a key to predict how people will act in a certain situation. For example, in a college classroom, professors and students have distinct, well-defined responsibilities and they have to act accordingly.

11. STATUS SET A person can hold more than one status at a given time. For example, a man can be a father, husband and doctor. The term ‘Status set’ refers to all the statuses a person holds at a particular time.

12. TYPES OF STATUS Sociologists classify statuses as Ascribed and Achieved An ascribed status is a social position that some one receives at birth. For example, male, female, caste, etc An achieved status refers to a social position that someone assumes voluntarily, and that reflects personal ability and effort. For example, doctor, lawyer, wife or a criminal.

13. ASCRIBED STATUS DETERMINES THE ACHIEVED STATUS Most often there is a combination of ascribed and achieved factors in each of our statuses. People’s ascribed statuses influence the statuses they achieve. For example, people who achieve the status of doctor or lawyer are likely to share the ascribed trait of being born into relatively privileged families. Similarly, many less desirable statuses such as beggars, or being unemployed are more likely to be achieved by people born into poverty.

14. SOCIAL ROLE Social Role refers to the set of behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status. For example, in Pakistan, we expect that a wife will look after her home and children, while the husband earns a living for his family. The actual performance of social roles might vary from individual to individual. Roles are a significant component of social structure. These expectations give a picture of a certain social structure. The above example picturizes women as having an important role as a mother and home-maker. It also gives a glimpse of a patriarchal society, where men dominate the public and economic sphere.

15. ROLE CONFLICT Role conflict refers to the incompatibility among roles corresponding to two or more different statuses. Fulfillment of the role associated with one status may directly violate the roles linked to second status. For example, a working-mother struggles physically and emotionally to perform the duties of parenting and working out side the home. Sometime women experience a serious conflict between these two roles.

16. ROLE STRAIN Even the different roles attached to a single status can create problems for an individual, called the ‘role strain’. Role strain is a tension that occurs when a person is facing a single role having multiple responsibilities. For example, being a student, a person has to decide between practicing for a school football match or preparing for a mathematics test on the same day.

17. SOCIAL GROUP A social group consists of two or more people who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of interaction. A social group is a collection of people who interact with each other and share similar characteristics and a sense of unity. For example, a group of friends sitting in a college canteen.

18. SOCIAL INSTITUTION A social institution is an organized system of social relationships, which embodies certain common values and procedures, and meets certain basic needs of the society. The family, the economy, the government, the health care system, the religion and the education system are all examples of basic social institutions. By studying social institutions, sociologists gain insight into the structure of a society.

19. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Speech is important in most social behavior as it distinguishes our social activities from those of animals. Even when an encounter is primarily conversational, nonverbal cues of various kinds play an essential role in the process. Non-verbal communication occurs when an interaction takes place between two persons, without speaking or writing, with the help of gestures, signs and body language. For example, clapping indicates a sign of appreciation, and rising two fingers slightly apart conveys a message of victory without using words.

20. BODY LANGUAGE This is the most basic type of communication, as the relation between an infant and other people consist at first entirely at body contact. Later, these are largely replaced by the visual cues of facial and gesture expressions. Body language can occur in a wide variety of ways, through the movement of body parts, or assuming certain postures. Facial expressions and hand gestures are the most obvious forms of body language.

21. CULTURALLY RELEVANT GESTURES Certain facial expressions are universally recognized, such as fear, anger, amusement etc. Sometimes, gestures are culturally relative, and only the people belonging to that specific culture can understand there meanings. for example, in India, people touch the feet of their elders to show respect. In Pakistan, women usually cover their heads to show respect to elders. People from these cultures can understand these gestures without any explanation.

22. PHYSICAL PROXIMITY Proximity means the degree of closeness or nearness. Physical proximity is the degree of closeness between two people in a social context. Whenever people engage in a social encounter, they must choose some degree of physical proximity. Four zones of private space are intimate distance, casual-personal distance, social distance and public distance.

23. INTIMATE DISTANCE A distance of up to one and a half feet This distance is reserved for very few social contacts. Only involved in those relationships in which regular bodily touching is permitted. For example, between parents and children, husband and wife.

24. CASUAL PERSONAL DISTANCE A distance from one and a half feet to four feet. This is the normal distance for encounters with friends and close acquaintances. In this distance, limited intimacy of contact is permitted. For example, greeting someone with a hug or consoling some one by holding hands etc.

25. SOCIAL DISTANCE A distance from four feet to twelve feet. This is a comfortable distance for people who are standing in a group but maybe not talking directly with one another. this zone is usually maintained in formal settings of interaction. For example, job interviews.

26. PUBLIC DISTANCE This distance is beyond twelve feet. Public speakers and important figures use space to distance themselves from their audience. Claiming public space establishes authority and an awe of charisma. For example, actors performing on the stage, a politician addressing his constituency.

27. SITUATIONS DETERMINE THE DISTANCE Proximity varies with the social setting. At a crowded party, people stand close together. in a big sitting room, people may sit 8-10 feet apart. 5 feet is more common for discussions in the work situations. There are implicit cultural rules about these matters.

28. INTERACTION IN SPACE AND TIME Every Interaction occurs on a particular place and has a specific duration in time. Our actions over the course of a day tend to be zoned in time as well as In space. For example, people who go out to work, spend a Zone, say from 9 am to 5 pm of their daily time. Working time spent at work normally means spatial movement as well. When a person travels between home and work, he may take a bus from one area of a city to another.

29. CLOCKS AND TIME When we analyze the context in which social interaction goes on, it is often useful to analyze people's movement across time and space. In modern societies, the zoning ot our activities IS very strongly influenced by the experience of clocks and clock time. Without clocks and the precise time of activities, and thereby their coordination across space, industrialized societies could not exist.

30. STUDY OF THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF A LARGE MODERN HOSPITAL A hospital has to operate on a twenty-four hour basis. Coordinating the staff and resources is a highly complex matter. A majority of nurses work for set periods on different wards, moving around different sectors of the hospital. They are also called upon to alternate between day and night shift work. All these individuals, and the resources they need, have to be integrated both in time and space. Slide Reality differs with time and space

31. REALITY DIFFERS WITH TIME AND SPACE All social interactions are situated in time and space. We can analyze different situations, and see different knowledge in the context of time and space. What is real in one society is not necessarily real in another. For example, much of the realities of medieval Europe seem naive and ignorant to us now. Much of our reality will look rather quaint to people hundred or thousands of years from now.

32. SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL PROCESS When people meet and see each other, they either act favorably or react unfavorably to the actions and behaviors of others. Behavior of each individual directly or indirectly Influences the behavior of every other individual. This reaction gives birth to different types of social processes. By social process, we mean the various modes of interaction between individuals and groups. these forms of interactions can be classified as conflict, cooperation, accommodation, assimilation and competition.

33. REQUIRED READINGS Reading. 11 Schaefer. T. Richard & Robert P. Lamn (1995) Sociology' ed McGraw-Hill. INC New York. New Dalhi , Pp. 124- 135 Reading: 12 Vander Zanden (1988) 'The Sacra/ Experience. Introduction to Sociology' Random House INC New York. Pp 88-99 Reading: 13   Reading: 14 Vander Zanden (1988) "The Social Experience- Introduction to Sociology', Random House Inc, New York. Pp 176-182   Robertson. Ian (1987) 'Sociology' 3rd Edition WortlV Publishers, INC NY Pp. 157-164 Reading, 15 Horton and Hunt (1954) Sociology' McGraw-Hill Book Company, London, New York pp. 321-341