Unit 1 basics of construction

WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM) MEAN?
THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PHASES OF PROJECT
AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF EXECUTION

1. TOPIC
BASICS OF CONSTRUCTION
UNIT 1
BTCE-503-18
PREPARED
BY
ER. Sanjeev Singh
[email protected]

2. CONTENT
1.WHATDOESCONSTRUCTION PROJECTMANAGEMENT
(CPM)MEAN?
2.THEUNIQUEFEATURESOFCONSTRUCTION ININDIA
3.THEDIFFERENTTYPESOFCONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
4.FEATURESOFACONSTRUCTION PROJECT
5.PHASESOFPROJECT
6.AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF
EXECUTION

3. WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM)
MEAN?
•Constructionprojectmanagementcouldbedefinedasthedirection,
regulation,andsupervisionofaprojectfromearlydevelopmentto
completion.
•Theultimategoalofconstructionprojectmanagementisthefull
satisfactionoftheclient’sdemandsforaviableprojectbothintermsof
functionalityandbudget.Thereisawiderangeofconstructionproject
types,suchascommercial,residential,industrialandheavycivil.

4. •Each structure is unique
•Each structure is commissioned
•Each structure is built in situ

5. •Eachstructureisunique:Evenifthestructuresare
similar,thereispossibilityofvariationduetothe
influenceof:
1.Availability of material & labors.
2.Type of sub stratum
3.Atmospheric condition
4.Natural condition

6. •EACHSTRUCTURE ISCOMMISSIONED :Civilengineering
worksarenotlikefactoryproductswhichmaybeavailableinastock
attherequiredtime.Eachcivilengineeringworkiscommissioned
i.e.orderisplacedforeachstructurebeforeconstructionworks
commences.Howevernow-a-daysconstructioncomponentsare
prefabricatedwhichcanbekeptinstart.
•Constructionengineeringcompaniesneverinitiatethemselves.Thus
decisionsofconstructionofvariousprojectsaretakenbytakinginto
considerationtheirrequirementsetc.Hencethecivilengineering
industriesarethemastersofitsown.

7. •EACHSTRUCTURE ISBUILTINSITU:Thecivilengineering
structureisbuiltataplaceofitsfinaluse.Sometimescomponentsmaybe
fabricatedorbuiltelsewhere.Howeverstructurehastosuittheparticular
requirementsofthesitewhereitisbuilt.

8. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
•Constructionisaprocesswhichconsistsofassemblingorbuilding
infrastructure.Itincludesallworkandmaterialsrequiredforthe
constructionoffinishedstructures.Thisalsoincludessitefoundations,
preparations,electricalwork,mechanicalwork,andanyworkrequiredto
completeprojects.
1.RESIDENTIAL
Theseprojectsincludetownhouses,houses,condominiums,apartments,
cottages,subdivisions,andsingle-unitdwellings.Thedesignsareusually
madebyengineersandarchitectsandconstructionexecutedbybuilders.

9. 2.BUILDING
Constructingbuildingsisthemostcommontypeofproject.It’saprocessofadding
structurestoproperties.Mostprojectsaresmallrenovationsorroomadditions.
Mostnewbuildingprojectsinvolveconstructionofshelteredenclosureswithaccess
forhousingpeople,machinery,equipment,andsupplies.Italsoincludes
installationofequipmentandutilities.
3.COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
Thesebuildingsincludeawholelotofprojectsizesandtypeslikehospitals,
clinics,schools,universities,stadiums,sportsfacilities,shoppingcentres,
retailstores,warehouses,manufacturingplants,etc.Specialengineersand
architectsareusuallyhiredfortheconstructionofthesebuildings.Thereare
veryfewcompetitorsinthismarketsegmentsinceitcostsalotofmoneyand
requiresgreatersophisticationintermsofcommercialandinstitutional
buildingswhencomparedwithresidentialprojects.
4.INDUSTRIAL
Thisisjustasmallpartoftheconstructionindustrybutisaveryimportant
partnonetheless.Theprojectsareusuallyownedbylargeindustrial
corporationslikemedicine,powergeneration,manufacturing,petroleum,
etc.

10. 5.COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
Thesebuildingsincludeawholelotofprojectsizesandtypeslikehospitals,clinics,
schools,universities,stadiums,sportsfacilities,shoppingcentres,retailstores,
warehouses,manufacturingplants,etc.Specialengineersandarchitectsareusually
hiredfortheconstructionofthesebuildings.Thereareveryfewcompetitorsinthis
marketsegmentsinceitcostsalotofmoneyandrequiresgreatersophisticationin
termsofcommercialandinstitutionalbuildingswhencomparedwithresidential
projects.
6.HIGHWAY
Thisinvolvesalteration,repair,andconstructionofroads,streets,alleys,
highways,runways,paths,etc.Italsoincludesincidentalconstruction.
7.HEAVY
Lastly,theseprojectstendtoinvolveprojectswhicharen’tclassifiedproperly
asbuildingsorhighways.Someexamplesincludedams,sewerlineprojects,
sewagetreatmentfacilities,dredgingprojects,floodcontrolprojects,water
treatmentplants,etc.
Thesearesomeofthemostpopulartypesofconstructiontoday.

11. FOLLOWING ARE THE FEATURES
OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:
1.Theprojectshouldhaveaspecifiedtarget.
2.Theprojectshouldbeuniqueandcannotbereplicatedwiththesametask
andresourcesgivingthesameresults.
3.Theconstructionprojectshouldsatisfytheownersrequirementand
expectationsfromtheproject.
4.Theconstructionprojectshouldnotbearoutinework,althoughthereare
someaspectsthatareroutine.
5.Theconstructionprojectshallconsistsofanumberofassociated
activitiescontributingtotheprojectasawhole.
6.Thetimelimitforcompletionofprojectshallbedefined.

12. 7.TheConstructionprojectiscomplexanditinvolvesanumberof
individualsfromdifferentdepartments.So,rightcoordinationshallbe
setupwithindepartments.
8.Theprojectmanagermustbeflexibletoaccommodateanychangethat
mightoccurduringtheproject.
9.Therearefactorsofuncertaintysuchastheperformanceofindividuals,
howtheirskillsadapttounfamiliarwork,andotherunknownexternal
influences.
10.Thetotalcostofconstructionprojectshallbedefinedandprojectshallbe
completedwithinthegivenbudget.
11.Theprojectshouldprovideuniqueopportunitiestoacquirenewskills.
12.Theprojectgivesimpetustotheprojectmanagertoadapttoworking
underchangingcircumstances,asthenatureoftheprojectischange.
13.Thereareriskswitheachstepoftheproject,andtheprojectmanager
shouldmanagethoseriskstoreachtheprojectgoal.

13. PHASES OF PROJECT
•1.ProjectInitiation
Initiationisthefirstphaseoftheprojectlifecycle.Thisiswheretheproject’s
valueandfeasibilityaremeasured.Projectmanagerstypicallyusetwo
evaluationtoolstodecidewhetherornottopursueaproject:
•BUSINESSCASEDOCUMENT –Thisdocumentjustifiestheneedfor
theproject,anditincludesanestimateofpotentialfinancialbenefits.
•FEASIBILITYSTUDY–Thisisanevaluationoftheproject’sgoals,
timelineandcoststodetermineiftheprojectshouldbeexecuted.It
balancestherequirementsoftheprojectwithavailableresourcestoseeif
pursuingtheprojectmakessense.
Teamsabandonproposedprojectsthatarelabeledunprofitableand/or
unfeasible.However,projectsthatpassthesetwotestscanbeassignedtoa
projectteamordesignatedprojectoffice.

14. 2. PROJECT PLANNING
•Oncetheprojectreceivesthegreenlight,itneedsasolidplantoguidethe
team,aswellaskeepthemontimeandonbudget.Awell-writtenproject
plangivesguidanceforobtainingresources,acquiringfinancingand
procuringrequiredmaterials.Theprojectplangivestheteamdirectionfor
producingqualityoutputs,handlingrisk,creatingacceptance,
communicatingbenefitstostakeholdersandmanagingsuppliers.
•Theprojectplanalsopreparesteamsfortheobstaclestheymight
encounteroverthecourseoftheproject,andhelpsthemunderstandthe
cost,scopeandtimeframeoftheproject.

15. 3.PROJECT EXECUTION
•Thisisthephasethatismostcommonlyassociatedwithproject
management.Executionisallaboutbuildingdeliverablesthatsatisfythe
customer.Teamleadersmakethishappenbyallocatingresourcesand
keepingteammembersfocusedontheirassignedtasks.
•Executionreliesheavilyontheplanningphase.Theworkandeffortsofthe
teamduringtheexecutionphasearederivedfromtheprojectplan.

16. 4. PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL
•Monitoring and control are sometimes combined with execution because
they often occur at the same time. As teams execute their project plan, they
must constantly monitor their own progress.
•To guarantee delivery of what was promised, teams must monitor tasks to
prevent scope creep, calculate key performance indicators and track
variations from allotted cost and time. This constant vigilance helps keep
the project moving ahead smoothly.

17. 5. PROJECT CLOSURE
•Teamscloseaprojectwhentheydeliverthefinishedprojecttothe
customer,communicatingcompletiontostakeholdersandreleasing
resourcestootherprojects.Thisvitalstepintheprojectlifecycleallowsthe
teamtoevaluateanddocumenttheprojectandmoveonthenextone,
usingpreviousprojectmistakesandsuccessestobuildstrongerprocesses
andmoresuccessfulteams.
•Althoughprojectmanagementmayseemoverwhelmingattimes,breaking
itdownintothesefivedistinctcyclescanhelpyourteammanageeventhe
mostcomplexprojectsandusetimeandresourcesmorewisely.

18. AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR
METHODS OF EXECUTION
•Thereareatleastfourgroupsinvolvedinanybuildingproject.[inall
designationsmentionedbelow,singularalsoreferstomorethanone
person]
1.THE BUILDER
Heisthefinancier:hemustgetapprovalofGovt.agencies:heshouldnot
vetoanyrecommendationsmadebyStructuralengineerandcompromise
onthesafety:Heshouldbethenfreefromlitigationcauseddueto
negligenceofothers.
2. THE ARCHITECT
Itisrequiredunderlawthathemustprepareplans.Heshouldnotvetoif
structuralengineerinsistsonmodifying[increasingthesize]sectionsif
analysiswarrants.TheArchitectshouldthenbefreefromlitigationhecan
escapetheblame/orcanheheldresponsible.

19. 3. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Thepersonwiththeresponsibility.Foracceptingtheresponsibility,hehas
tostatetheconditions.
(a)nointerferencefrombuildertocompromiseondesignandexecution.
(b)nointerferencefromArchitecttoadoptunder-sizesection.Hemust
insistonsoiltestsandgetadviceofgeo-technicalengineeronthenatureof
foundationtobeadoptedortakeresponsibilityonhimself.Eitherbyhimself
orthroughanagentwithwhomhehasconfidence,heassuresqualityof
constructionandadherencetodesigndrawingsisadheredto.
4. THE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
ifhisworkissupervised,hasnodirectResponsibilityItisafact,that
structuralengineeralonecannotescaperesponsibility,Hence,hehasto
protecthimselforstipulateunderwhatconditions.