unit-1 Epidemo Lecture 1ok first lect.ppt

unit-1 Epidemo Lecture 1ok

1. INTRODUCTION TO
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Lecture # 1
intro - epi 1

2. Epidemiology - Definition
Epidemiology is the study of disease
frequency ,Distribution and determinants of
health related states and events in specified
population and the application of the study
to the control of health problems.
intro - epi 2

3. Epidemiology is derived from Greek word:
EPI = among
DEMOS = people
LOGOS = study
intro - epi 3

4. Disease frequency:
Measurement of frequency of disease,
disability or health, and summarizing the
information in the form of rate and Ratio
(e.g. prevalence rate, incidence rate, death
rate etc.)
intro - epi 4

5. Distribution of Diseases:
Disease is not uniformly distributed in human population.
Distribution patterns in the various sub groups of the
population by time, place and person whether these has
been increase or decrease of diseases over time span.
Whether disease occur in one geographic area than in
others.
intro - epi 5

6. Determinants of diseases:
This is the real substance of epidemiology.
This aspect of epidemiology is known as
analytical epidemiology Determinants
includes all those factors that influence the
distribution. These may be primary or
secondary.
intro - epi 6

7. Cont….
•Primary Determinants: Are
causative agent of disease or
disorder e.g. bacteria, virus, parasite,
specific nutrient.
•Secondary Determinants: Include a
multitude of factors that influence the
diseases e.g. socio economic factor
causing malnutrition and physical
environment influencing causation of
respiratory infection.
intro - epi 7

8. USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY :
1.To study historically the rise and fall of disease
in the population..
2.Community Diagnosis.
3.Planning and evaluation.
4.Evaluations of individual’s risks and chances.
5.Syndrome identification.
6.Completing the natural history of disease.
7.Searching for causes and risk factors.
intro - epi 8

9. AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
a.To describe the distribution of disease, magnitude,
the level, in depth knowledge of health and disease
problems in human population.
b.To identify the etiological factors (contributing
factors, risk factors, aggravating factors) in the origin
or pathogenesis of disease or ill health.
c.To provide the data essential to the planning,
implementation and evaluation of health services for
the prevention, control and treatment of disease and
to setting up of priorities among those services.
intro - epi 9

10. ULTIMATE GOAL OR AIM OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY IS TAKING EFFECTIVE
ACTION REGARDING:
•To eliminate or reduce, the disease or
Health problem or its consequences.
•To promote the health and well-being of
society as a whole.
intro - epi 10

11. THE SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
A- Clinical epidemiology: Deals clinical
symptoms of patient and compare its recording
with patients having similar symptoms in groups to
predict a probable diagnosis and proceed to work
to eliminate the occurrence of change.
B- Occupational epidemiology: It involves a
study of health effects on workers with factors to
which they are exposed. Such factors may be
biological environment.
intro - epi 11

12. •Disease Surveillance and Monitoring:
•Tracking the incidence, prevalence, and
distribution of diseases in populations.
•Collecting and analyzing health data to
detect outbreaks and trends.
•Monitoring the effectiveness of
interventions (e.g., vaccination programs).
intro - epi 12

13. •Global Health and Infectious Diseases:
•Addressing health issues that affect large
populations worldwide, such as pandemics,
emerging infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-
19), and health disparities.
•Collaborating on global health initiatives to
improve health outcomes, such as the
eradication of diseases like polio and
malaria.
intro - epi 13

14. •Health Policy and Management:
•Using epidemiological findings to inform
public health policy decisions, healthcare
delivery systems, and resource allocation.
•Assessing the cost-effectiveness of health
interventions and treatments.
intro - epi 14

15. •Preventive Measures and Public Health
Interventions:
•Evaluating and implementing strategies to
reduce the burden of disease, such as
vaccination, screening programs, and health
promotion initiatives.
•Designing and assessing health policies and
recommendations aimed at preventing
diseases in specific populations.
intro - epi 15

16. intro - epi 16