Unit 1 - Features of Computer Hardware.pptx

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1. Computer Peripherals and Hardware Maintenance UNIT – I Features of Computer Hardware

2. Basic Computer Hardware Structure “A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically”. 

3. Introduction Initially designed for Mathematical calculations. Store large quantity of data. Retrieve data. Process Data. INIAC - 1945 IBM Model 350 Disk – 5 MB

4. Computer System Basic Units Storage Unit Input Unit Output Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit

5. Different Hardware Components Video display unit Keyboard Mouse Power Supply Storage Processor Motherboard Etc.

6. Different Types of Components Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer. It carries out instructions for computer programs and performs calculations. It has two main components:  Control Unit: Manages and coordinates the operations of the CPU. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes arithmetic and logical operations. Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM): Provides temporary storage for data and instructions that the CPU is currently using. It allows for quick access to data, but its contents are lost when the computer is powered off. Read-Only Memory (ROM): Contains the firmware or BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that initializes the computer when it is turned on. It is non-volatile memory, meaning its contents remain even when the power is off.

7. Storage device Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Provides long-term storage for the operating system, software applications, and user data. Solid State Drive (SSD): Similar to an HDD but uses flash memory for faster access times and increased reliability. Optical Drives: Reads and writes data from optical media such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. They are becoming less common due to the prevalence of digital downloads and cloud storage. Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects and holds together all the essential components of the computer. It provides pathways for data transfer and power distribution.

8. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Also known as the graphics card, it is responsible for rendering images, videos, and animations. It is particularly important for gaming and graphical applications.  Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts AC power from the wall outlet to DC power required by the computer's components. It supplies the necessary electrical power to all parts of the computer. Input Devices: Keyboard: Used for entering text and commands. Mouse/Touchpad: Allows users to interact with graphical user interfaces by moving a cursor on the screen. Other input devices can include webcams, scanners, microphones, etc. Output Devices: Monitor/Display: Shows visual output from the computer. Speakers/Headphones: Provide audio output. Printers: Produce hard copies of documents or images. These are the primary hardware components that make up a basic computer system. As technology advances, newer components and technologies might emerge, but these fundamental elements will remain essential to any computing device.

9. Different Types of Computers Desktop Computers Server Computers Laptop Tablet Mainframe Computers Super Computer

10. Personal Computers (PCs): These are general-purpose computers designed for individual use. They come in desktop and laptop form factors and are used for tasks such as web browsing, word processing, gaming, multimedia consumption, and more.  Workstations: Workstations are high-performance computers optimized for professional applications like computer-aided design (CAD), 3D modeling , video editing, scientific simulations, and other resource-intensive tasks. Servers: Servers are computers designed to provide services or resources to other computers over a network. They may serve various purposes, such as web hosting, email management, file storage, and database management.  Mainframes: Mainframes are large and powerful computers that can handle massive volumes of data and support thousands of users simultaneously. They are commonly used in enterprises and government organizations for critical applications like financial processing and large-scale data processing.

11. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are the most powerful computers, designed to perform extremely complex calculations and simulations. They are used in scientific research, weather forecasting, and other applications that require massive computational power.  Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are specialized computers integrated into other devices or systems to perform dedicated functions. They are found in various devices such as smartphones, home appliances, automotive systems, medical devices, and industrial machines.  Gaming Consoles: Gaming consoles are specialized computers designed specifically for playing video games. They come with dedicated hardware for graphics and gaming performance.  Thin Clients: Thin clients are lightweight computers that rely on a central server for most of their processing. They are mainly used in enterprise environments where data and applications are stored on a central server.  Smartphones and Tablets: These are portable computing devices that combine the functionality of a computer with communication features. They run on operating systems like Android and iOS and support various apps and functionalities.

12. Wearable Devices: Wearable computers are integrated into accessories or clothing items. Examples include smartwatches, fitness trackers, and augmented reality glasses.  Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: POS systems are specialized computers used in retail and hospitality industries for processing transactions, managing inventory, and tracking sales.  Kiosks: Kiosks are self-service computers placed in public areas to provide specific information or services, like ticketing kiosks at airports or self-checkout machines in stores.

13. General Features of Computers Feature Feature Meaning Typical Values CPU or processor Memory that can be addressed by the system, speed of operation, performance, etc. Dual-core, quad-core, core i5, i7 Motherboard Ability to support different components,performance, etc. Intel original motherboard CPU speed or processor speed or clock speed Determines the speed of the system. Different clock speeds can be seen between the processor in their front side bus. RAM modules and PCI slota, determines the performance of 2 GHz Chipset Manufactured by different manufacturers, namely-Intel, AMD, etc. different control operations. Intel 845 chipset Bus Affects the speed of operation. Determines the expansion cards that can be added to the system. ISA, EISA, PCI, PCle BIOS Low level system software that determines the machine's compatibility. Award BIOS Cache Accelerates performance. Found in different types and is integrated with the processor. 2 MB L2 Memory Temporary storage space, accelerates performance. 4 GB, 8 GB size DDR2, DDR3, etc.

14. General Features of Computers Feature Feature Meaning Typical Values Expansion slots Expandability features. Three PCI slots Storage devices Permanent storage spaces for data and program. Hard disk, CD/DVD, Blu-ray disc Optical drive External storage ability DVD-RW, Blu-ray bumer Interfaces Interfaces for connecting devices. Parallel, serial, mounted on board Hard disk interface. Used to connect the hard disk to the system, Different interfaces have different speeds. SCSI, SATA1, SATA2 Hard disk speed Speed of accessing data from hard disk 10000 rpm Hard disk size Determines internal storage capacity. 2 TB Display size and resolution Indication of the video displaying capability of the system. SVGA, 1024 x 768 resolution with 0.28 mm dot pitch, 24-bit colours Audio solution For audio solutions. Realtek Speakers Determines the type of audio output. Built-in stereo type Ports Interfaces for connecting externl devices to computer Parallel port, serial port USB port, audio jacks, MIDI port, LAN port, keyboard port, mouse part, game port, etc. Notworking for connecting to computer network Ethernet 10/100/1000, wireless LAN 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth V2.1

15. General Features of Computers

16. Features of Desktop system

17. Features of Server System

18. Features of Laptop

19. Features of Tablet

20. Server A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a network.  In theory, whenever computers share resources with client machines they are considered servers. servers were often single, powerful computers connected over a network to a set of less-powerful client computers. As technology has evolved, the definition of a server has evolved with it. These days, a server may be nothing more than software running on one or more physical computing devices. Such servers are often referred to as virtual servers. 

21. Types of Servers File servers File servers store and distribute files. Multiple clients or users may share files stored on a server. Application servers Application servers run applications in lieu of client computers running applications locally. Application servers often run resource-intensive applications that are shared by a large number of users. It also removes the need to install and maintain software on many machines as opposed to only one. 1) DNS servers Domain Name System (DNS) servers are application servers that provide name resolution to client computers by converting names easily understood by humans into machine-readable IP addresses. 2) Mail servers Mail servers are a very common type of application server. Mail servers receive emails sent to a user and store them until requested by a client on behalf of said user.

22. Print servers Print servers allow for the management and distribution of printing functionality. Rather than attaching a printer to every workstation, a single print server can respond to printing requests from numerous clients. Web servers A web server is a special kind of application server that hosts programs and data requested by users across the Internet or an intranet. Web servers respond to requests from browsers running on client Common web servers include Apache web servers, Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) servers and Nginx servers. Database servers Databases need to be accessible to multiple clients at any given time and can require extraordinary amounts of disk space. Common database server applications include Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, and Informix. Proxy servers A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client and a server. Often used to isolate either the clients or servers for security purposes, a proxy server takes the request from the client.