Unit 1 Inland Fisheries Resources Management.pdf

inland fisheries rresources management

1. Inland Fisheries Resources
Management
Presented By: Prashant Raj (3203102001)
Dept of FRM; College of Fisheries, Dholi
DR. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, PUSA

2. CONTENTS
Unit I
Freshwater fisheries resources India-world: Ponds, Lakes,
Bheels,Tanks, Estuaries, Brackish water lagoons, Wetlands,
Biosphere reserves andmangroves and derelict water bodies their
problems and management aspects,Assessment of carrying capacity
of different inland water bodies; Waterbudgeting, Community
participation in fishery resource management.
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3. Freshwater Fisheries Resources: India
Inland Fisheries resources of India
Resource Size
Rivers and canals 173 287 km
Swamps and other wetlands 1 097 787 ha
Floodplain lakes 202 213 ha
Upland lakes 72 000 ha
Mangroves 356 500 ha
Estuaries 285 000 ha
Lagoons 190 500 ha
Reservoirs 3 153 366 ha
Freshwater ponds 2 254 000 ha
Brackishwater ponds 1 235 000 ha
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India (fao.org)

4. Freshwater Fisheries Resources: World
World water distribution
Water volume
(million km
3
)
Percent of
Freshwater
Percent of
Total water
Total water 1 386 100.00
Freshwater 35 100.0 2.53
Glaciers and ice caps 24.4 69.7 1.76
Groundwater 10.5 30.0 0.76
Lakes, rivers, atmosphere 0.1 0.3 0.01
Saline water 1 351 97.47
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Source:Crops and Drops (fao.org)

5. Freshwater Fisheries Resources: Bihar
Sl.
No.
Resources Size
1. Ponds & Tanks 93 218 ha
2. Reservoir 26 304 ha
3. Ox-Bow Lakes 9 000 ha
4. River 3 200 km
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6. Ponds
Apondis a small, still, land-basedbody of
water formed by pooling inside
adepression,eithernaturally orartificially.
Although there are many kinds of fish ponds, the
following are the main features and structures associated
with them in general:
1.Pond walls or dikes,which hold in the water;
2.Pipes or channels,which carry water into or away
from the ponds;
3.Water controls,which control the level of water, the
flow of water through the pond, or both;
4.Tracks and roadwaysalong the pond wall, for access
to the pond;
5.Harvesting facilitiesand other equipment for the
management of water and fish.
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7. Three basic pond types:
Sunken pond:
The pond floor is generally below the level
of the surrounding land.
The pond isdirectly fed by groundwater,
rainfall and/orsurface runoff. It can be but
is not normally supplemented by pumping.
The sunken pond is undrainable or only
partially drainable, having been built either
as adug-out pondor to make use of
anexisting hollowor depression in the
ground, sometimes withadditional
embankmentsto increase depth.
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8. Three basic pond types:
Barrage pond
They are created in the bottom of a valley by building
adamacross thelower end of the valley.
They may be built in a series down the valley.
The barrage pond isdrainable through the old river
bed. If large floods are present, the excess water is
normallydiverted around one side of the pond to keep
the level in the pond constant.
Adiversioncanalis built for this purpose; the pond
water supply is then controlled through a
structurecalled thewater intake.
Directly fed from a nearby spring, stream or reservoir,
the waterenters the pond at a point called theinletand
it flows out at a point called theoutlet.
Toprotect the dike from floods, aspillwayshould be
built.
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9. Three basic pond types:
Diversion pond:The diversion pond is fed
indirectly by gravity or by pumping through a
diversion canal (which becomes themain
feeder canal), from a spring, stream, lake
orreservoir. The water flow is controlled
through a water intake. There is an inlet and an
outlet for each pond.
The diversion pond can be constructed:
1.Either on sloping ground as a cut-and-fill
pond;
2.Or on flat ground as a four-dike
embankment pond sometimes called
apaddy pond.
It is usually drainable through a drainage canal.
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10. Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management 10

11. Lakes
A lake may be defined as an enclosed body of water
(usually freshwater) totallysurrounded by land and
with no direct access to the sea.
In geological terms lakes are ephemeral. They
originate as a product of geologicalprocesses and
terminate as a result of the loss of the ponding
mechanism, by evaporationcaused by changes in
the hydrological balance, or by in filling caused by
sedimentation.
The mechanisms of origin are numerous and are
reviewed by Hutchinson (1957), whodifferentiated
11 major lake types, sub-divided into 76 sub-types.
The major categories oflakes on the basis of origin
are discussed here:
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12. Lakes
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Tectonic Lake Volcanic Lake Landslide Lake Glacial Lake Solution lakes
Fluvial Lake Aeolian lake Shoreline lakes Organic lakeAnthropogenic lakesMeteorite lakes

13. 1. Tectonic lakes, e.g., basins in faults (Great Basin of South Australia,Central Africa(Lakes Kioga and Kwania),Lake Champlainin the NE United States..
2. Volcanic lakes, e.g., maars, caldera lakes and lakes formed by damming of lava flows.
3. Landslide lakes, e.g., lakes held by rockslides, mudflows, and screes.
4. Glacial lakes:
A. lakes in direct contact with ice, e.g., lakes on or in ice and lakes dammed by ice.
B. Glacial rock basins, e.g., cirque lakes and fjord lakes.
C. Morainic and outwash lakes, e.g., lakes created by terminal, recessional, or lateral moraines
D. Drift basins, e.g., kettle lakes and thermokarst lakes.
5. Solution lakes, e.g., lakes formed in caves by solution.
6. Fluvial lakes:formed in the course of a river
A. Plunge-pool lakes.
B. Fluviatile dams, e.g., strath lakes, lateral lakes, delta lakes, and meres.
C. Meander lakes, e.g., oxbow lakes and cresentic levee lakes.
7. Aeolian lakes, e.g., basins dammed by windblown sand and deflation basins.
8. Shoreline lakes, e.g., tombolo lakes and spit lakes.
9. Organic lakes, action of animals and plants contribute to their formatione.g., phytogenic dams and coral lakes.
10. Anthropogenic lakes, e.g., dams and excavations made by man.
11. Meteorite lakes, e.g., meteorite craters.
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14. Lakes
Lake
Lake volume
(1000km
3
)
Lake area
(1000km
2
)
Watershed area
(1000km
2
)
Watershed:Lake
Ratio
Continent
Baikal 23.6 31.7 545.0 17.2 Eurasia
Tanganyika 18.9 32.9 297.4 9.0 Africa
Superior 11.6 82.1 127.7 1.6 N. America
Malawi 7.7 29.6 100.3 3.4 Africa
Michigan 4.9 58 118.1 2.0 N. America
Huron 3.5 59.6 131.3 2.2 N. America
Victoria 2.7 68.8 194.2 2.8 Africa
Great Bear 2.2 31.1 118.8 3.8 N. America
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15. Bheels
•The floodplain wetlands are either permanent or temporary water bodies
associated with rivers that constantly shift their beds especially in the
potamon regimes.
•Typically, bheels are formed by inundation of low-lying lands
duringflooding, where some water gets trapped even after flood waters
recede back from theflood plains.
•Beels may also be caused by filling up of low-lying areas duringrains,
especially during themonsoonseason.
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16. Tanks
A fish tank is a container that holds water, aquatic
plants, and fish.
➢There are many types of fish tanks available in the
market, ranging from small desktop aquariums to
large custom-built tanks.
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17. Estuaries
Estuaries are the transitional zones between the rivers and sea and have
specific ecological properties and biological composition.
The term estuary may be defined as the tidal mouth of a great river,
where the tide meets the current".
It is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection
with the open sea and within which sea water is measurably diluted with
freshwater derived from land drainage.
The estuarine system can be subdivided into three regions: (a) a tidal
zone, (b) a mixing zone - the estuary proper, and (c) a near shore turbid
zone.
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18. Estuaries
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The Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system located
(latitude 21° 23'N and longitude 88°-89'E) in
West Bengal is the largest among the estuaries
on the Indian coast covering the Gangetic delta
called Sundarbans which is the world's largest
delta endowed with largest mangrove vegetation
(4,264km
2
) in India. The total area of the
estuarine system is about8,029km
2
. The
Hooghly estuary (main channel) is a distributary
of the river Ganga. The annual flow of
freshwater in the Ganga is estimated at142.6
billionm
3
resulting from the melting of snow in
the Himalayas during the spring, summer, and
monsoon from June to September.

19. Brackish water lagoons
Brackish Iagoons are classically defined as natural physiographic
features comprising shallow, open bodies of saline water partially
separated from an adjacent coastal sea by a barrier of sand or shingle
(e.g. Barnes, 1989; Davidson et al., 1991).
They are essentially shallow systems, of reduced water exchange when
compared to similar sheltered areas of the coastal sea, commonly with a
stable longitudinal salinity profile.
Tidal ranges are reduced or absent in lagoons and there is therefore little
exposure of lagoonal bed sediments.
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20. Brackish water lagoons
The vast and dream like Chilika Lagoon is situated on the east-coast of India.
It is the largest brackish Water Lagoon with estuarine character that sprawls
along the east coast.
It is the largest wintering ground for migratory waterfowl found anywhere on
the Indian sub-continent.
It is one of the hotspot of biodiversity in the country, and some rare, vulnerable
and endangered species listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened Animals
inhabit in the lagoon for atleast part of their life cycle.
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21. Wetlands
The Ramsar Convention; 1971 takes a broad approach in determining the wetlands
which come under its aegis. Under the text of the Convention (Article 1.1), wetlands
are defined as: “areasofmarsh,fen,peatlandorwater,whethernaturalorartificial,
permanentortemporary,withwaterthatisstaticorflowing,fresh,brackishorsalt,
includingareasofmarinewaterthedepthofwhichatlowtidedoesnotexceedsix
metres”.
Five major wetland types are generally recognized:
1.Marine (coastal wetlands including coastal lagoons, rocky shores, and coral
reefs);
2.Estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and mangrove swamps);
3.Lacustrine (wetlands associated with lakes);
4.Riverine (wetlands along rivers and streams); and
5.Palustrine (meaning “marshy” - marshes, swamps and bogs)
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22. Wetlands
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23. Biosphere reserves
•Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and recognized under
UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote
sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound
science.
•The programme of Biosphere Reserve was initiated by UNESCO in 1971.
•The purpose of the formation of the biosphere reserve is to conserve in situ
all forms of life, along with its support system, in its totality, so that it could
serve as a referral system for monitoring and evaluating changes in natural
ecosystems.
•The first biosphere reserve of the world was established in 1979, since then
the network of biosphere reserves has increased to 631 in 119 countries
across the world
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24. Biosphere reserves
S. No. Name
Date of
Notification
Area (in km
2
) Location (State)
1 Nilgiri 01.09.1986
5520
(Core 1240 & Buffer 4280)
Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and
Madumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley and Siruvani
hills (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka).
2 Nanda Devi 18.01.1988
5860.69
(Core 712.12, Buffer5,148.570) & T.
546.34)
Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, and Bageshwar
districts (Uttarakhand).
3 Nokrek 01.09.1988
820
(Core 47.48 & Buffer 227.92, Transition
Zone 544.60)
Part of Garo hills (Meghalaya).
4 Great Nicobar 06.01.1989 885(Core 705 & Buffer 180)
Southern most islands of Andaman And Nicobar
(A&N Islands).
5 Gulf of Mannar 18.02.1989
10,500km2
Total Gulf area
(area of Islands5.55km2)
Indian part of Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri
Lanka (Tamil Nadu).
6 Manas 14.03.1989
2837
(Core 391 & Buffer 2,446)
Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari,
Kamprup and Darang districts (Assam)
7 Sunderbans 29.03.1989
9630
(Core 1700 & Buffer 7900)
Part of delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river
system
(West Bengal).
8 Simlipal 21.06.1994
4374
(Core 845, Buffer 2129 & Transition 1400
Part of Mayurbhanj district (Orissa).
9 Dibru-Saikhowa 28.07.1997
765
(Core 340 & Buffer 425)
Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts (Assam)
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25. Biosphere reserves
10 Dehang-Dibang 02.09.1998
5111.50
(Core 4094.80 &Buffer 1016.70)
Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in
Arunachal Pradesh.
11 Pachmarhi 03.03.1999 4926
Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad and
Chindwara districts of Madhya
Pradesh.
12 Khangchendzonga 07.02.2000
2619.92
(Core 1819.34 & Buffer 835.92)
Parts of Khangchendzonga hills and
Sikkim.
13 Agasthyamalai 12.11.2001 1828
Neyyar, Peppara and
Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries and
their adjoining areas in Kerala.
14 Achanakamar - Amarkantak 30.3.2005
3835.51
(Core 551.55 & Buffer 3283.86)
Covers parts of Anupur and Dindori
districts of M.P. and parts of Bilaspur
districts of Chhattishgarh State.
15 Kachchh 29.01.2008 12,454km2
Part of Kachchh, Rajkot, Surendra
Nagar and Patan Civil Districts of
Gujarat State
16 Cold Desert 28.08.2009 7770
Pin Valley National Park and
surroundings; Chandratal and
Sarchu&Kibber Wildlife Sancturary in
Himachal Pradesh
17 Seshachalam Hills 20.09.2010 4755.997
Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts
of Chittoor and Kadapa districts of
Andhra Pradesh
18 Panna 25.08.2011 2998.98
Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts
in Madhya Pradesh
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Source:
MoEFCC
&
State Forest Departments
Biosphere Reserves in India (as on Dec,
2023)

26. Mangroves
PROVIDE FOR NATURE
Mangroves provide critical habitat
covering tropical coasts.
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PROVIDE FOR PEOPLE
Mangroveforestsshieldcommunity from
extreme weather events and provide
livelihoods.

27. Mangroves store7.5–10 times more carbon per acre(3–4 times more per hectare) than tropical forests, and their loss contributes
to10% of global greenhouse gas emissionsfrom deforestation.
Over21 gigatons of carbonare held by mangroves worldwide, and87%of that is in the soil beneath the mangroves’ roots.
Restoring recently lost mangrove forests (1.6 million acres) could capture an additional1 gigaton of carbon.
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CAPTURE CARBON
Mangroves:A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows mainly in coastal saline or brackish water. Mangroves grow in an equatorial climate,
typically along coastlines and tidal rivers. They have special adaptations to take in extra oxygen and to remove salt, which allow them to tolerate
conditions that would kill most plants.

28. Derelict Water Bodies: Problem & Management
Derelict water bodies, which refer to abandoned or neglected
water resources such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs, can
pose significant environmental, social, and economic problems.
The issues associated with derelict water bodies often arise due to
human activities, neglect, or inadequate management. Here are
some of the key problems and potential management strategies:
Problems Associated with Derelict Water Bodies:
Ecological Degradation:
•Loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems.
•Altered water quality due to pollution and sedimentation.
•Spread of invasive species in stagnant water.
Public Health Risks:
•Accumulation of pollutants and pathogens leading to waterborne diseases.
•Breeding grounds for disease vectors such as mosquitoes.
Aesthetic and Recreational Impact:
•Loss of scenic beauty and recreational opportunities.
•Negative impact on tourism and property values.
Flooding and Erosion:
•Altered hydrological patterns leading to increased flood risks.
•Increased soil erosion in the surrounding areas.
Economic Decline:
•Negative impact on fisheries and aquaculture.
•Decreased agricultural productivity in the vicinity.
28Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management

29. Assessment of carrying capacityof different inland water bodies
•Assessing the carrying capacity of inland water bodies is a crucial
aspect of sustainable water resource management.
•The carrying capacity of water refers to the maximum sustainable
water use or the maximum population of a species that a particular
water system can support without causing degradation or depletion.
•It is a concept commonly applied to ecosystems, rivers, lakes,
aquifers, and other water bodies.
•Carrying capacity is influenced by various factors, and understanding
it is crucial for sustainable water resource management.Here are
some key factors and considerations for assessing the carrying
capacity of different inland water bodies:
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30. Contd...
•Water Quality:
1.Analyze the water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, nutrient levels (nitrogen and
phosphorus), pH, turbidity, and contaminants.
2.Assess the impact of pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and urban runoff on water
quality.
3.Determine if the water quality meets the standards required for aquatic life and human use.
•Aquatic Ecosystem Health:
1.Evaluate the health of the aquatic ecosystem, including the diversity and abundance of aquatic
flora and fauna.
2.Monitor the presence of invasive species and their impact on native species.
3.Consider the resilience of the ecosystem to natural disturbances and anthropogenic stressors.
•Hydrological Conditions:
1.Examine the flow regime, water circulation patterns, and seasonal variations.
2.Assess the impact of water extraction and diversion on the hydrological balance.
3.Consider the influence of climate change on water availability and temperature.
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31. Contd...
•Habitat Availability:
1.Evaluate the availability and quality of different habitats within the water body.
2.Assess the condition of riparian zones and wetlands, which are critical for
maintaining biodiversity.
•Land Use and Watershed Management:
1.Examine land use practices within the watershed, including agriculture, forestry,
and urban development.
2.Evaluate the effectiveness of watershed management practices in controlling runoff
and pollution.
•Recreational and Economic Activities:
1.Assess the impact of recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and tourism on
the water body.
2.Consider the economic activities dependent on the water body and their
sustainability.
Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management 31

32. Contd...
•Climate Change Considerations:
1.Factor in the potential impacts of climate change, including changes in
precipitation patterns, temperature, and extreme weather events.
•Social and Cultural Aspects:
1.Consider the cultural and social values associated with the water body.
2.Engage with local communities to understand their needs and concerns.
•Modeling and Monitoring:
1.Use hydrological and ecological models to simulate different scenarios and
predict future conditions.
2.Establish monitoring programs to regularly assess key indicators and track
changes over time.
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33. Contd...
•Regulatory Framework:
1.Consider existing regulations and policies governing water use and
environmental protection.
2.Evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory measures in place and identify
potential areas for improvement.
Carrying capacity assessments should be dynamic and adaptive,
considering changes in environmental conditions and human activities.
Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, local communities, and
stakeholders is essential for effective carrying capacity management of
inland water bodies.
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34. Participatory approach
Participatory methods were designed to incorporate local
knowledgeand perspectives, priorities and skills in the development
process whilefacilitating the empowerment of local people (Guijtand
Shah, 1999).
➢Essentially participatory methods offer local people a role in
researchand planning that can result in solutions, which are more
appropriatefor the local context and longer lasting.
➢It is often utilized in such a way as to ensure a desired outcome
thatwill suit the strategic objectives of the funder.
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35. Participatory approach: Principles
➢It is originally designed to avoid the limitations of top-
down,blueprint-styleplanning and large-scale research techniques
hasbecome standard practice inmany fields including
biodiversityconservation.
➢One of the cornerstone principles underlying participatory
ruralappraisal is the concept of “handing over the stick”, which refers
tocreating an opportunity for local people to tell their own story
withoutinterruption.
➢Another important principle of participatory rural appraisal, which
isshared with other forms of rural appraisal, is triangulation.
Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management 35

36. Typology of local participation in conservation
Passive Participation:The "participatory interaction" occurs in only one direction -
from those who have made certain decisions toward those who must listen.
Thecommunity's answers are not taken into consideration and "owners" of
theinformation are the professionals or other persons from outside the community.
Contractual Participation:The community's participation in certain activities
isrequested or invited through a formal arrangement. For example, an arrangement
ismade whereby the project provides the materials and technical assistance and
thecommunity participates providing the labor.
Consultative Participation:The initiative to participate comes from outside but
isbased on the desires, opinions, and needs of the people or the community.
Agentsfrom outside define the problems and solutions, but may modify them in
light ofinformation obtained in their consultations with the community.
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37. Typology of local participation in conservation
Collaborative Participation:The idea of promoting the community's
participationcomes from the outside, but in this case both parties participate in the
same mannerindiagnosing the problem, analyzing the data, designing the solution,
implementing,monitoring, and evaluating the initiative.
Participation "among colleagues":While promotion of conservation
activitiesmay be important, the fundamental objective is to actively strengthen
localcapabilities sothat the community and/or local groups can themselves carry
out theirdevelopment and conservation projects.
Community Self Mobilization:This last category involves only one
party:thecommunity. In these cases, the community self-mobilizes in the
identification ofa problemand its solution, without the existence of an outside
initiative.
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38. Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management 38

39. Freshwater Fisheries Resources: World
•Lakes on Earth, Different Types | SpringerLink
•courseware.cutm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/24.-
FLOODPLAIN-WETLAND-BEEL-FISHERIES-IN-INDIA.pdf
•Chilika Lake - Asia's largest brackish water lagoon
•https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/info2007-
01-e.pdf
•India | The Convention on Wetlands, The Convention on Wetlands
(ramsar.org)
Prashant Raj: Inland Fisheries Resources Management 39