UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT.ppt

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1. AX4092 -DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Mr. R. SHANMUGASUNDARAM
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
PSNACET

2. SYLLABUS
UNITI-INTRODUCTION
Disaster:Definition,FactorsandSignificance;Differencebetween
HazardAndDisaster;NaturalandManmadeDisasters:Difference,
Nature,TypesandMagnitude.
UNITII-REPERCUSSIONS OFDISASTERSANDHAZARDS
EconomicDamage,LossofHumanandAnimalLife,DestructionOf
Ecosystem.NaturalDisasters:Earthquakes,Volcanisms,Cyclones,
Tsunamis,Floods,DroughtsAndFamines,LandslidesAndAvalanches,
Man-madedisaster:NuclearReactorMeltdown,IndustrialAccidents,
OilSlicksAndSpills,OutbreaksOfDiseaseAndEpidemics,WarAnd
Conflicts

3. UNITIII-DISASTERPRONEAREASININDIA
StudyofSeismicZones;AreasProneToFloodsandDroughts,
LandslidesAndAvalanches;AreasProneToCyclonicandCoastal
HazardswithSpecialReferenceToTsunami;Post-DisasterDiseases
andEpidemics
UNITIV-DISASTERPREPAREDNESS ANDMANAGEMENT
Preparedness:MonitoringOfPhenomenaTriggeringaDisasteror
Hazard;EvaluationofRisk:ApplicationofRemoteSensing,Datafrom
MeteorologicalAndOtherAgencies,MediaReports:Governmentaland
CommunityPreparedness.
UNITV-RISKASSESSMENT
DisasterRisk:ConceptandElements,DisasterRiskReduction,Global
andNationalDisasterRiskSituation.TechniquesofRiskAssessment,
GlobalCo-OperationinRiskAssessmentandWarning,People’s
ParticipationinRiskAssessment.StrategiesforSurvival

4. UNIT I -INTRODUCTION
•Disastersareseriousdisruptionstothefunctioningof
acommunitythatexceeditscapacitytocopeusingits
ownresources
•Adisasterisasudden,calamitouseventbringing
greatdamage,loss,destructionanddevastationtolife
andproperty.
•Thedamagecausedbydisastersisimmeasurableand
varieswiththegeographicallocation,climateand
typeoftheearthsurface/degreeofvulnerability.

8. HAZARD:
•Phenomenathatposeathreattopeople,structuresor
economicassetsandwhichmaycauseadisaster.
•Theycouldbeeithernaturallyoccurringormanmade.
•Extentofdamageinadisasterdependson
–Impact,intensityandcharacteristicsofthe
phenomenon.
–Howpeople,environmentandinfrastructuresare
affectedbythephenomenon.

9. VULNERABILITY:
Theextenttowhichacommunity,structure,
serviceand/orgeographicareaislikelytobedamaged
ordisruptedbytheimpactofparticularhazardon
accountoftheirnature,constructionandproximityto
hazardousterrainoradisasterpronearea.
RESILIENCE:
Thecapacitytoprevent,mitigate,preparefor,respondto
andrecoverfromtheimpactsofdisasters.

10. RESILIENCE
Prepare
Respond
Recover
Prevent

11. RISKS:
•Itisameasureoftheexpectedlossesduetoa
hazardouseventofaparticulareventofaparticular
magnitudeoccurringinagivenareaoveraspecific
timeperiod.
•Itisafunctionofprobabilityofparticular
occurrencesandlosseseachwouldcause.
•Thelevelofrisksdependson
NatureofHazard
Vulnerabilityofelementswhichareaffected.
Economicvalueofthoseelements.

12. Types of Disaster
BasedonNatureofHazardousEvent:
1.NaturalDisaster:Adisastercausedbynaturalfactors
calledasanaturaldisastere.g.,earthquake,flood,,
cycloneetc.
2.Man-madedisaster:Adisastercausedduetothe
humanactivitiese.g.,epidemics,fireaccidents,
industrialaccidentsetc.
3.ArmedConflictRelateddisaster:Eg.War,Genocide,
socialviolence

13. Natural Disaster
Major Natural Disaster: Minor Natural Disaster
Flood Cold Wave
Cyclone Thunderstorms
Drought Heat waves
Earthquakes Mud slides
Storm
Manmade Disaster
Major ManmadeDisaster: Minor Manmade Disaster
Setting of Fires Accidents
Epidemic Riots
Deforestation Industrial Disaster
Wars EnvironmentalPollution

14. Basedonthedurationofhazardousevent:
1.AcuteDisaster:Rapidonseteventwithimmediate
destructionanddeath.
Eg:Volcaniceruptions,earthquakes,tsunamis,flood,
hurricanes.
2.ChronicDisasters:Slowonsetprocesswithimpactsnot
perceivedorexperiencedphysicallyforalongerperiod.
Eg.Drought,famines,environmentalbreakdowns,
pollutions,toxicexposures.
Basedonextentofimpact:
1.Majordisaster:Widerimpactandhigherintensityof
damage.
2.Minordisaster:Localizedimpactandlessintensedamage.

15. NATURAL DISASTER
•Anaturaldisasteris"thenegativeimpactfollowingan
actualoccurrenceofnaturalhazardintheeventthatit
significantlyharmsacommunity".
•Anaturaldisastercancauselossoflifeordamage
property,andtypicallyleavessomeeconomicdamagein
itswake.
•Theseverityofthedamagedependsontheaffected
population'sresilienceandontheinfrastructure
available.

16. Thereare5majortypesofnaturaldisasters.
Geologicaldisaster
•Changesintheaboveorunderneaththeearth'ssurface
causegeologicaldisasters.
•Earthquakes,volcaniceruptions,landslides,
avalanches,etc.,areexamplesofgeologicaldisasters.
Hydrologicaldisaster
•Hydrologicaldisastersarecausedduetosudden
changesinthequalityordistributionofwaterbelow
theearth’ssurfaceoratmosphericconditions.
•Limniceruption,Tsunami,Volcano,etc.,areexamples
ofHydrologicaldisasters.

17. Meteorologicaldisaster
•Meteorologicaldisastersaremainlycausedbyextreme
weatherconditionssuchasdrought,snow,andrain.
•Examplesofmeteorologicaldisastersincludeblizzards,
drought,coldwaves,tornadoes,cyclonicstorms,etc.
Spacedisaster
•Thisincludesdisasterscausedduetoasteroids,
meteors,andsolarflares.
Wildfires
•Natural disasters like drought and lightning can lead to
wildfires.

18. Major Causes of Natural Disaster
•Natural phenomenon
•Moon activities
•Tectonic movement
•Soil erosion
•Deforestation
•Ocean currents
•Air pressure
•Seismic waves
•Pollution
•Global warming
•Mining

19. The common effects of natural disasters include
•Damages to infrastructure
•Food and water scarcity
•Public health issues and diseases
•Environmental issues
•Economic impact
•Fatalities
•Injuries and emotional impact

20. PreventiveMeasures:
•Preparingemergencymeasures-medicalkits,keeping
ataboverweatherupdates
•Reforestation
•Riskreductionmethods-buildingsheltersand
stockingfoodsupplies
•Informationsharing
•Investingintechnologyforaccurateweather
predictions
•Economicsupport
•Evacuatingareasclosertodisaster

21. •Don’tMovearoundoroutrunsadisaster
•Don’tGonear-livewireordebris
•Don’ttakeshelterunderaflimsystructure
•Avoidstandingunderthetrees
•Stayawayfromriverorseaareasduringcyclones
andfloods
•Avoidusinggasstovesorelectronicgadgetsduringa
disaster.

22. Thesearesomeinsurancepoliciesindividualsresiding
innaturaldisaster-proneareasshouldcheck.
•HomeInsurance:Insuringahousecanbehelpful
duringdisasters.Thepolicycoversthedamagecaused
bynaturaleventslikefloods,cyclonesandstorms.
Additionally,italsogivescoverageagainsttheftand
burglary.
•LifeInsurance:Alifeinsurancepolicyisacontract
betweenapolicyholderandinsurancecompanythat
promisestopayasumafterthedeathofaninsured
person.Itoffersaninsuredandhis/herfamilyfinancial
protectionduringunforeseenevents.Youcanalsofind
somepoliciesthatofferadditionaladdonoptionslike
accidentaldeathbenefit,criticalillbenefit,etc.

23. •VehicleInsurance:Vehicleinsurancegives
protectionagainstnaturalcalamitiesanddisasters.
Italsocoversaccidentsandtheft.Individualscan
availthepolicyagainsttheirvehicleandget
compensationfordamagescausedbynatural
disasters.

24. Man Made Disaster
•Man-madedisastershaveanelementofhumanintent,
negligence,orerrorinvolvingafailureofaman-made
system,asopposedtonaturaldisastersresultingfrom
naturalhazards.
•Suchman-madedisastersarecrime,arson,civildisorder,
terrorism,war,biological/chemicalthreat,cyber-attacks,
etc.
•Anthropogenichazardscanbegroupedinto
Societal hazards (criminality,civil
disorder,terrorism,war,industrialhazards,
engineeringhazards,poweroutage,fire;
Hazardscausedbytransportationandenvironmental
hazards.

25. •Man-madedisasterscanbedividedinto3categories:
•TechnologicalDisasters:Examplesincludeindustrial
accidentslikechemicalspills,transportationaccidents,
andminingaccidents.
•SocialDisasters:Examplesincludewarfare,genocide,
civilunrest,hyperinflation,andterrorism.
•EnvironmentalDisasters:Examplesinclude
deforestationandclimatechange.

26. List of Man-Made Disasters by Type
•Chemical&OilSpills
•StructuralCollapse
•DrinkingWaterContamination
•TransportDisasters/Accidents
•MiningAccidents
•ExplosionsandFires
•NuclearandRadiationAccidents
•ElectricFailures
•War,Riots,Strikes
•Genocide

27. Terrorism
•Terrorismistheuseofforceorviolenceagainstpersons
orpropertyinviolationofthecriminallawsofthe
UnitedStatesforpurposesofintimidation,coercion,or
ransom.
•Terroristsoftenusethreatstocreatefearamongthe
publictotrytoconvincecitizensthattheirgovernment
ispowerlesstopreventterrorismandtogetimmediate
publicityfortheircauses.
•Actsofterrorismrangefromthreatsofterrorism,
assassinations,kidnappings,hijackings,bombscares
andbombings,andcyberattacks(computer-based),to
theuseofchemical,biological,andnuclearweapons.

28. KEY TERMS
•Hazard:athreat(naturalorhuman)thathasthepotentialto
causelossoflife,injury,propertydamage,socio-economic
disruptionorenvironmentaldegradation.
•Hazardevent:theoccurrenceofahazardeg.anearthquake
•Disaster:amajorhazardeventthatcauseswidespread
disruptiontoacommunityorregion,withsignificant
demographic,economicand/orenvironmentallosses,and
whichtheaffectedcommunityisunabletodealwith
adequatelywithoutoutsidehelp.
•Vulnerability:thegeographicalconditionsthatincreasesthe
susceptibilityofacommunitytoahazardortotheimpactofa
hazardevent.
•Risk:theprobabilityofahazardeventcausingharmful
consequences(lossoflife,injuriesdamage)

29. WHAT DETERMINES THE
SEVERITY OF A HAZARD ?
•Duration:Thelengthoftimethatahazardlastsfor.Asa
generalrulethelongerthehazardthemoresevereitislikelyto
be.
•Forexampleandearthquakethatlasts1minuteislikelytobe
moreseverethanonethatlasttwosecondsandadroughtthat
laststenyearsislikelytobemoreseverethanonethatlast
threemonths.
•Magnitude:Thisisthestrengthofahazard.Mosthazardsare
measuredonascalee.g.theRichterscaleorthevolcanic
explosivityindex(VEI).
•Generallyspeaking,thestrongerthehazardthemoresevere
thehazardis.

30. •Predictability:Somehazardsareeasiertopredictthan
others.
•Forexample,volcanoesnormallygivewarningsignsbefore
theyeruptandtropicalstormscanbetrackedfrom
developmenttolandfall.However,otherslikeearthquakes
aremuchhardertopredict.
•Generallyspeakinghazardsthathitwithnowarningare
goingtobemoreserious.
•Regularity:Ifhazardshappenoftenandinquick
successione.g.aearthquakefollowedbymultiple
aftershocksthenthentheseverityislikelytobegreater.
•Duringhurricaneseasons,countriescanbehitbyrepeated
stormseachcausinggreaterdamagebecauseithasnotbeen
possibletorecoverfrompreviousdamage.

31. •Frequency:Thereturnintervalofhazardsofcertainsizes.If
thehazardisalessfrequentstrongevent,thenitisgoingto
haveabiggerimpact.
•Speedofonset:Ifthepeakofthehazardarrivesfirstor
arrivesquicklye.g.anearthquake,thentheaffectsarelikely
tobeworsethanonethatarrivesslowlye.g.adrought.
•Spatialconcentration:Wherehazardsarelocatedorcentred.
•Forexampleearthquakestendedtobefocusedalongplate
boundaries,whereastropicalstormstendtobelocatedin
coastalareasinthetropics.
•Hazardsthatarelocatedinknownareascanbebetter
preparedforandmanagedbetter.

32. •Arealextent:Ifahazardcoversalargeareae.g.a
droughtcoveringthewholeofEastAfrica,thenthe
severityofthehazardislikelytobemoresevere,than
afloodhittingjustonevillage.
•Numberofhazards:Ifalocationishitbymultiple
hazardsthattheaffectscanbemoresevere.
•ForexamplehazardhotspotslikeIndonesiacanbehit
byearthquakes,volcanoes,landslidesandfloodingall
simultaneously.
•Asageneralruleasthemagnitudeofahazard
increases,thefrequencyofthehazardhappening
actuallydecreases.