Unit 1 Part 1 Computer Applications.pptx

Prsentation

1. Unit 1 : Dr VAGEESHA S V Campus Director, DSEU 1 SVV

2. Presentation Components 2 SVV

3. Introduction to Computers A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions called programs aka software. It can execute a wide range of operations, such as calculations, data management, and communication, enabling users to create documents, browse the internet, play games, and much more. Computers consist of hardware components (like the CPU, memory, and storage) and software applications that work together to execute functions efficiently. What else…………… SVV 3

4. Classification of computers By Size and Power: Supercomputers: Extremely powerful machines used for complex calculations and data processing. The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of MIPS. All of the world’s fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems.  used for intensive computation tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations.  Large, powerful systems used primarily by organizations for bulk data processing and critical applications. Ex PARAM, JAUGUAR, ROADRUNNER Main Frame Computers Mid-sized computers that can serve multiple users simultaneously. usually used by big organisations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers, Ex. IBM z Series, System z9 and System z10 servers. SVV 4

5. Classification of computers based on size and power ctd …….. Mini Computers actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.  usually took up one or a few inch rack cabinets, compared with the large mainframes that could fill a room, there was a new term “MINICOMPUTERS” coined  Ex. Personal Laptop, PC etc.  Microcomputers a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board. The previous to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive. actually formed the foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets that we use in day to day life.  EX.Tablets , Smartwatches.  SVV 5

6. Classification of computers By Purpose: General-Purpose Computers: Versatile machines capable of performing a variety of tasks (e.g., personal computers). Special-Purpose Computers : Designed for a specific task (e.g., embedded systems in appliances, gaming consoles). SVV 6

7. Classification of computers By Purpose: General-Purpose Computers: Versatile machines capable of performing a variety of tasks (e.g., personal computers). Special-Purpose Computers : Designed for a specific task (e.g., embedded systems in appliances, gaming consoles). SVV 7

8. Classification of computers By basis of data handling Analog Computers: Process continuous data (e.g., temperature or speed). Digital Computers: Process discrete data in binary form; most common type today. Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form from manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits, it can perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather patterns. Hybrid Computers: Combine features of both analog and digital computers.   digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. SVV 8

9. Classification of computers By Architecture: Desktop Computers: Designed for regular use at a single location. Laptop Computers: Portable computers with integrated screens and keyboards. Tablets: Touchscreen devices that are highly portable and run mobile operating systems. Servers: Provide resources, data, services, or programs to other computers over a network. SVV 9

10. Classification of computers By User Interaction: Workstations: High-performance computers tailored for technical or scientific applications. Thin Clients: Lightweight computers that rely on a server for processing power. SVV 10

11. Classification of Computers By Functionality Servers :  dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the clients. named depending on the type of service they offered. Eg : security server, database server.  Workstation :  computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. run on multi-user operating systems. the ones which we use for our day to day personal / commercial work. Information Appliances :  portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc. generally referred as the mobile devices. very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on “as-is” basis. Embedded computers :  computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. follow instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to execute reboot or reset processing units used in such device work to those basic requirements only and are different from the ones that are used in personal computers- better known as workstations. SVV 11

12. Characteristics of Computers Speed: Computers are fast. Electric pulses travel at incredible speeds and because the computer is electronic, its internal speed is virtually instantaneous. Many of today's computers can perform hundreds of millions of processing operations in one second. Accuracy: The computer's physical processing circuits rarely make errors. If the correct data and instructions are fed in, the computer processes the data and gives the correct results. Versatility: Computers can handle a variety of applications and jobs and can be used in various fields. Diligence: Computers can perform a given set of functions endlessly without getting tired or bored. Automation: No human intervention is required once the instructions and data are given. The CPU follows these instructions until it meets a last instruction which says - S programme execution; hence leading to automation. Storage: A computer can store massive amounts of information. Today's personal computers can be equipped with disks capable of storing more than one billion characters (letters or numbers). They are capable of handling voluminous data and information. Programmability: A computer is programmable; that is, what the computer does depends on the programme the computer is using. (A programme is the list of instructions telling the computer what to do). Costs: With increasing speed and declining costs of the hardware unit, data processing cost has been declining dramatically. SVV 12

13. Anatomy of a computer refers to its physical structure and components, which are known as hardware Basic Operations of Computers irrespective of program : Input : This is for the purpose of inserting or feeding data into the computer by means of an input device like keyboard. Processing: Some kind of processing is done in the computer to take out or transform the data in some way. Output: The computer produces output on a device, such as printer or a monitor that shows the result of processing operations. Storage: The computer stores the result of processing operations for future use in some storage device like hard disk or a floppy disk. These operations are often referred to as IPOS cycle. the four steps of IPOS cycle — input, processing, output and storage — may not necessarily appear in the same sequence as they are defined. SVV 13

14. Anatomy of computers Input units Output units CPU Memory (Auxiliary) SVV 14

15. Anatomy of Computers The von Neumann architecture—also known as the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture—is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description by John von Neumann, and by others, in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.  The document describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with these components: A processing unit with both an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers A control unit that includes an instruction register and a program counter Memory that stores data and instructions External mass storage Input and output mechanisms The term "von Neumann architecture" has evolved to refer to any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time (since they share a common bus). This is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck, which often limits the performance of the corresponding system. SVV 15

16. Anatomy : Input Unit Input Devices An input device is any peripheral (hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to information processing system (such as a computer). Below are few examples of input devices. Keyboard -comprised of number of keys to give input to the comput er. Alphanumeric keys – letters and numbers Punctuation keys – comma, period, semicolon, and so on. Special keys – function keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, and so on. SVV 16

17. Anatomy : Input Unit Input Devices An input device is any peripheral (hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to information processing system (such as a computer). Below are few examples of input devices. Keyboard -comprised of number of keys to give input to the comput er. Alphanumeric keys – letters and numbers Punctuation keys – comma, period, semicolon, and so on. Special keys – function keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, and so on. SVV 17

18. Input Units : Numerous Mouse Track Ball Touch Pad Touch Screen Joy Sticks OMR Microphone Barcode Reader Web Cam SVV 18

19. Output Units Monitor Printer Projector Plotter Speaker Headphones Sound Card Digital Projector Visual Display Unit (VDU) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) SVV 19 11. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Display 12. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Display 13. Braille Embosser 14. Digital Audio Tape (DAT) 15. Digital Light Processing (DLP) Display 16. Laser Printer 17. Inkjet Printer 18. Thermal Printer 19. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Printer 20. Touchscreen Display An  output device  is any piece of computer hardware that converts information or data into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. 

20. Display Technologies SVV 20 Cathode ray tube (CRT) CRT screens produce an image using electron tube, which fires electrons at a phosphorous coated screen to light up pixels in order to display images. Liquid crystal display  (LCD) An LCD is a display technology employing the use of liquid crystals to form images. Thin-film transistor  (TFT) A TFT refers to the thin layer of transistors used with an LCD. LED-backlit LCD An LCD display which uses LEDs as a backlight. Prior to the use of LED based backlighting, Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) tubes were used. LED displays use an array of LEDs to form an image. Organic Light Emitting Diode  (OLED) Unlike an LED display, an OLED display does not use a backlight. Electronic paper  (e-ink) An e-ink display uses encapsulated pigment to form an image resembling printed paper, commonly used in e-book readers.

21. Display Interface The interface between a computer's CPU and the display is a  Graphics Processing Unit  (GPU). This processor is used to form images on a  framebuffer . When the image is to be sent to the display, the GPU sends its image through a  video display controller  to generate a  video signal , which is then sent to a  display interface  such as  HDMI ,  VGA , or  DVI GPUs can be divided into  discrete  and  integrated  units, the former being an external unit and the latter of which is included within a CPU die.  Discrete graphics cards are almost always connected to the host through the  PCI Express  bus, while older graphics cards may have used  AGP  or  PCI . Some mobile computers support an external graphics card through  Thunderbolt  (via PCIe). SVV 21

22. Central Processing Unit The CPU is the brain that controls the rest of the hardware. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as  main memory  and I/O circuitry,[and specialized coprocessors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). It is made up of three different parts: the processor, arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and internal memory. The processing unit or processor controls all the other parts of the computer. It accepts input and stores it in the memory and it interprets the instructions in a computer program. SVV 22

23. ALU An ALU performs the simple arithmetic logic and shift operations. The complexity of an ALU depends on the type of instruction set which has been realised for it. The simple ALU can be constructed for fixed point numbers, on the other hand, the floating point arithmetic implementation require more complex control logic and data processing capabilities, i.e., the hardware. digital circuit within the processor that performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations. The inputs to the ALU are the data words to be operated on (called operands), status information from previous operations, and a code from the control unit indicating which operation to perform. Depending on the instruction being executed, the operands may come from internal CPU registers, external memory, or constants generated by the ALU itself. When all input signals have settled and propagated through the ALU circuitry, the result of the performed operation appears at the ALU's outputs. The result consists of both a data word, which may be stored in a register or memory, and status information that is typically stored in a special, internal CPU register reserved for this purpose. Modern CPUs typically contain more than one ALU to improve performance. SVV 23

24. Control Unit The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices, etc.). Most computer resources are managed by the CU. directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.  John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction. SVV 24

25. Memory Unit Stores Data and Instructions:  stores data and instructions needed by the CPU to perform tasks efficiently. includes data related to operations to be performed and data related to the program. Tracks Interim Results: keeps track of the interim results of processing. Saves Final Results: saves the final processing results before sending them to an output device. Receives And Transmits Inputs And Outputs: SVV 25

26. Types of Memory Primary Memory Secondary Memory SVV 26

27. Primary Memory also referred to as main memory or internal memory. a computer system’s temporary storage component which is directly accessible by the central processing unit (CPU). houses data for immediate processing. Characteristics : volatile: Data is lost upon power loss. High-speed access. Limited capacity relative to secondary storage. Examples: Random Access Memory(RAM), Read-Only Memory, Cache SVV 27

28. Primary Memory Advantages: High-speed access: Data can be retrieved and stored very quickly. Directly accessible by CPU: No intermediate steps are required for data transfer. Disadvantages : Volatile: Data is lost when power is turned off. Limited storage capacity: compared to secondary storage, primary memory is relatively small. Expensive: Cost per unit is higher than secondary storage. SVV 28

29. Applications of Main Memory Temporary storage Multitasking Buffering Caching SVV 29

30. SECONDARY MEMORY Secondary memory or external memory serves as long-term storge for data and programs. Unlike primary memory, it is not directly accessible by the CPU and requires input/output operations. Characteristics Non-volatile: Data persists even when the system is powered off. slower access speeds compared to primary memory. High storage capacity. Examples: Hard Disk Drives(HDD), Solid-State Drives(SSD), Optical drives(CD, DVD, Blu-ray). SVV 30

31. Secondary Memory Advantages Non-volatile: Data persists even when the power is turned off. Large storage capacity: can store vast amount of data. Relatively Inexpensive: cost-effective for storing large volumes of data. Disadvantages Slower access time: Data retrieval is slower compared to primary memory. Requires input/output operations: Data transfer involves additional steps. SVV 31

32. Secondary Memory : Applications Long-term storage Operating system installation Software installation Data backup Media storage SVV 32

33. Units of Memory The first memory location in a computer is bit. The smallest measurement unit for data held in  primary memory  and  storage devices  is a bit. Out of the binary values 0 and 1, a bit can only have one. The smallest measurement unit for data in primary memory and storage devices. Represents binary values 0 and 1. SVV 33

34. Units Conversion SVV 34

35. Types of Computer Memory Cache memory.  temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily available to the processor than the computer’s main memory source. also called CPU memory because it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip with a bus interconnect with the CPU. RAM.  Random Access Memory one of the parts of the Main memory, also famously known as Read Write Memory. present on the motherboard and the computer’s data is temporarily stored in RAM. RAM can help in both Read and write SVV 35

36. Types of Memory D RAM (Dynamic RAM):  D RAM uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors. contain thousands of memory cells. refreshing of charge on capacitor after a few milliseconds. memory is slower than S RAM. S RAM (Static RAM):  uses transistors and the circuits of this memory are capable of retaining their state as long as the power is applied. consists of the number of flip flops with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It has less access time and hence, it is faster ROM:  ROM full form is Read Only Memory. ROM is a non volatile memory and it is used to store important information which is used to operate the system. only read the programs and data stored on it and can not modify of delete it. MROM(Masked ROM):  Hard-wired devices with a pre-programmed collection of data or instructions were the first ROMs. Masked ROMs are a type of low-cost ROM that works in this way. SVV 36

37. Types of Memory PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory):  is modifiable once by the user. The user purchases a blank PROM and uses a PROM program to put the required contents into the PROM. Its content can’t be erased once written. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):  EPROM is an extension to PROM where one can erase the content of ROM by exposing it to Ultraviolet rays for nearly 40 minutes. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):  written contents can be erased electrically. can delete and reprogram EEPROM up to 10,000 times. Erasing and programming take very little time, i.e., nearly  4 -10 ms (milliseconds). Any area in an EEPROM can be wiped and programmed selectively. SVV 37

38. Types of Memory Virtual memory.  A memory management technique where secondary memory can be used as if it were a part of the main memory. Virtual memory uses hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from RAM to disk storage. SVV 38

39. Operating System Fundamentals An operating system is a sytem software package that runs applications and serves as a communication link (interface) between the computer hardware and the user. The allocation of services and resources, like devices, memory, processors, and information, is the primary duty of an operating system. A traffic controller, a scheduler, a memory management module, a file system, and I/O programs are all included in the operating system to manage these resources. SVV 39

40. Functions of Operating System Security To safeguard user data, the operating system employs password protection and other related measures. It also protects programs and user data from illegal access. Control over System Performance monitors the overall health of the system in order to optimise performance. To get a thorough picture of the system’s health, keep track of the time between system responses and service requests. aid performance by providing critical information for troubleshooting issues. Job Accounting maintains track of how much time and resources are consumed by different tasks and users, and this data can be used to measure resource utilisation for a specific user or group of users. SVV 40

41. Functions of Operating System : Error Detection Management Error Detecting Aids constantly monitors the system in order to discover faults and prevent a computer system from failing. Coordination between Users and Other Software organise and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, as well as other software to computer users. Process Management determines which processes have access to the processor and how much processing time every process has in a multiprogramming environment. Process scheduling is the name for this feature of the operating system. For processor management, the OS performs the following tasks: It keeps track of how processes are progressing. A traffic controller is a program that accomplishes this duty. Allocates a processor-based CPU to a process. When a process is no longer needed, the processor is deallocated. SVV 41

42. Functions of Operating System : Memory Management The operating system is in charge of managing the primary memory, often known as the main memory. The main memory consists of a vast array of bytes or words, each of which is allocated an address. Main memory is rapid storage that the CPU can access directly. A program must first be loaded into the main memory before it can be executed. Memory Management Tasks performed by OS: track of primary memory – meaning, which user program can use which bytes of memory, memory addresses that have already been assigned, as well as memory addresses yet to be used. determines the order in which processes would be permitted memory access and for how long in multiprogramming. allocates memory to the process when the process asks for it and deallocates memory when the process exits or performs an I/O activity. SVV 42

43. Functions of Operating System File Management A file system is divided into directories to make navigation and usage more efficient. Other directories and files may be found in these directories. Tasks : it keeps track of where data is kept, user access settings, and the state of each file, among other things. The file system is the name given to all of these features. SVV 43

44. Functions of OS Device Management Types of Devices Boot Device:  It stores information in a fixed-size block, each one with its own address. Example, disks. Character Device:  It delivers or accepts a stream of characters. the individual characters are not addressable. For example, printers, keyboards etc. Network Device:  It is for transmitting data packets. SVV 44

45. OS : Device Management Features The operating system is responsible in managing device communication through their respective drivers. The operating system keeps track of all devices by using a program known as an input-output controller. It decides which process to assign to CPU and for how long. O.S. is responsible in fulfilling the request of devices to access the process. It connects the devices to various programs in an efficient way without error. Deallocate devices when they are not in use. SVV 45

46. OS : Device Management Features Types of Devices   Dedicated Device Certain devices are assigned to only one task at a time in device management until that task releases them. Plotters, printers, tape drives, and other similar devices require this kind of allocation method because sharing them with numerous users at the same time will be inconvenient. The drawback of these devices is the inefficiency that results from assigning the device to a single user throughout the entirety of the task execution process, even in cases when the device is not utilized exclusively. Shared Device There are numerous processes that these devices could be assigned to.  Disk-DASD could be shared concurrently by many processes by interleaving their requests. All issues must be resolved by pre-established policies, and the Device Manager closely monitors the interleaving. SVV 46

47. OS : Device Management Features Virtual Device Virtual devices are dedicated devices that have been converted into shared devices, making them a hybrid of the two types of devices. For instance, a spooling programme that routes all print requests to a disc can turn a printer into a sharing device. A print job is routed to the disc and not delivered straight to the printer until it is ready with all the necessary formatting and sequencing, at which time it is sent to the printers. The method can increase usability and performance by turning a single printer into a number of virtual printers. SVV 47

48. OS: Device Management Device Accessing Techniques Polling:  In this scenario, when an input/output operation is needed, the computer simply keeps track of the I/O device’s status until it’s ready, at which time it is accessed. Stated differently, the computer waits for the device to be ready. In this instance, a CPU keeps an eye on the status of the device to share data., Busy-waiting is a drawback, but simplicity is a plus Interrupt-Driven I/O:  Notifying the associated driver of the device’s availability is the device controller’s job. One interrupt for each keyboard input results in slower data copying and movement for character devices, but the advantages include more effective use of CPU cycles. A block of bytes is created from a serial bit stream by a device controller. It also does error correction if needed. It consists of two primary parts: a data buffer that an operating system can read or write to, and device registers for communication with the CPU. SVV 48

49. OS: Device Management Device Accessing Techniques DMA(Direct Memory Access) :  Data motions are carried out by using a second controller. This approach has the benefit of not requiring the CPU to duplicate data, but it also has the drawback of preventing a process from accessing data that is in transit. Double Buffering:  This mode of access has two buffers. One fills up while the other is utilised , and vice versa. In order to hide the line-by-line scanning from the viewer, this technique is frequently employed in animation and graphics. SVV 49

50. OS : Device Drivers Operating system is responsible for managing device communication through their respective drivers. operating system  is responsible for managing these devices and establishing the communication between any connected device with the computer through their respective drivers. So operating system uses its respective drivers each and every device will have its own driver. Without the use of their respective driver, that device cannot make communication with other systems. SVV 50

51. Types of Operating System SVV 51

52. Batch Operating System operating system does not interact with the computer directly. operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.  Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups. SVV 52

53. Batch Operating System operating system does not interact with the computer directly. operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.  Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups. SVV 53