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1. 1
Orientation to Computing-I
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2. Unit-1 (Computer Systems)
•Basic structure of computer, working
•Computer associated peripherals
•Memories (Primary and Secondary)
•System Configuration
•BIOS configuration
•PC connection interface
•RAID, GPU basics , CPU and GPU
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6. Structure of Computer
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7. Computer Associated Peripherals
•Computersareusedtoaccomplishmanytasks.Abasicdesktopcomputer
desktopincludesthecomputingunitplusamonitor,keyboard,andmouse.
•Addevenmoreperipheralstothecomputer,andthecomputerwillbeable
todothatmanymoretasks.But,whatarecomputerperipherals?
•Acomputerperipheral,technicallyspeaking,isanydevicethatconnects
tothecomputingunitbutisnotpartofthecorearchitectureofthe
computingunit.
•Thecorecomputingunitconsistsofthecentralprocessingunit(CPU),
motherboard,andpowersupply.
•Thecasethatsurroundstheseelementsarealsoconsideredpartofthecore
computingunit.
•Soanythingthatisconnectedtotheseelementsisconsideredaperipheral.
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8. List of Computer Peripherals
•Mouse
•Keyboard
•Monitor
•RAM
•DVD-ROM
•Microphone
•Webcam
•Printer
Alloftheseareperipheralsbecausetheyallareextraaccessoriesthatconnect
withthemaincomputingunittoprovideextrapowerandabilities.RAM,for
example,givesthecomputermoreroomtoprocessmoreoperationsmore
quickly.
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9. Main Categories of Computer
Peripherals: Uses & Examples
•The type of computer peripherals and their uses determines the category of
the peripheral. The three categories are the following.
•Input devices
•Output devices
•Input/output and storage devices
•These categories are based on the direction of data flow. Some peripherals
send data to the computer, while other peripherals receive data from the
computer. Other peripherals can do both; they can both send and receive
data from the computer
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10. Input Devices
•Inputdevicesaredevicesthatsendinformationtothecomputer.
•Theydonotreceiveinformationfromthecomputer.
•Inputdevicesareone-waydevices.
•Amouseisaninputdevicebecauseitsendsinformationtothecomputer.
•Amouseisusedtotellthecomputerwhichwaytomovethecursor.
•Amicrophoneisanotherperipheralthatisaninputdevice.The
microphonesendsaudiodatatothecomputer.
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11. Output Devices
•Anoutputdeviceisadevicethatreceivesinformationfromthecore
computingunitbutdoesnotsendinformationtothecomputer.
•Aspeakerisanoutputdevicebecausethecomputersendssound
informationtothespeaker,butthespeakerdoesnotsendsoundinformation
tothecomputer.
•Standardmonitorsareoutputdevicesaswellsincetheirjobistodisplay
graphicalinformationfromthecomputer.
•Standardmonitorsdonotsendinformationtothecomputer.
•Touchscreenmonitorsarenotstrictoutputdevices
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12. Memories
•Memoryisthemostessentialelementofacomputingsystembecause
withoutitcomputercan’tperformsimpletasks.
•Computermemoryisoftwobasictypes–Primarymemory(RAMand
ROM)andSecondarymemory(harddrive,CD,etc).
•RandomAccessMemory(RAM)isprimary-volatilememoryandRead-
OnlyMemory(ROM)isprimary-non-volatilememory.
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13. Classification of Memory
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14. ROM
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15. 1.PROM(Programmableread-onlymemory):Itcanbe
programmedbytheuser.Onceprogrammed,thedataand
instructionsinitcannotbechanged.
2.EPROM(ErasableProgrammableread-onlymemory):It
canbereprogrammed.Toerasedatafromit,exposeitto
ultravioletlight.Toreprogramit,eraseallthepreviousdata.
3.EEPROM(Electricallyerasableprogrammableread-only
memory):Thedatacanbeerasedbyapplyinganelectricfield,
withnoneedforultravioletlight.Wecaneraseonlyportionsof
thechip.
4.MROM(Mask ROM):MaskROMisakindofread-only
memory,thatismaskedoffatthetimeofproduction.Likeother
typesofROM,maskROMcannotenabletheusertochangethe
datastoredinit.Ifitcan,theprocesswouldbedifficultorslow.
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16. •Flashmemory:Itisalsoknownasflashstorage,
isatypeofnonvolatilememorythatcanbe
electricallyerasedandreprogrammed.
•Iterasesdatainunitscalledblocksandrewrites
dataatthebytelevel.
•Flashmemoryiswidelyusedforstorageand
datatransferinconsumerdevices,enterprise
systemsandindustrialapplications.
•ItisoftenfoundinUSBflashdrives,MP3
players,digitalcamerasandsolid-statedrives.
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17. Random Access Memory (RAM)
•Itisalsocalledread-writememoryorthemainmemoryortheprimary
memory.
•TheprogramsanddatathattheCPUrequiresduringtheexecutionofa
programarestoredinthismemory.
•Itisavolatilememoryasthedataislostwhenthepoweristurnedoff.
•RAMisfurtherclassifiedintotwotypes-SRAM(StaticRandomAccess
Memory)andDRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory).
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18. DRAM Vs SRAM
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19. Read Only Memory (ROM)
•Read-Only Memory (ROM)
•Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program
essential to boot the computer.
•It is not volatile.
•Always retains its data.
•Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
•Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
•ROM is further classified into four types-MROM, PROM, EPROM, and
EEPROM.
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20. RAM vs ROM
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21. Secondary Storage Devices
•Asecondarystoragedevicereferstoanynon-volatilestoragedevicethatis
internalorexternaltothecomputer.Itcanbeanystoragedevicebeyond
theprimarystoragethatenablespermanentdatastorage.
•Asecondarystoragedeviceisalsoknownasanauxiliarystoragedevice,
backupstoragedevice,tier2storage,orexternalstorage.
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22. Secondary Storage Devices
•Secondarystoragedevicesprimarilyrefertostoragedevicesthatserveas
anadditiontothecomputer'sprimarystorage,RAMandcachememory.
Sincetheyalwaysconsistofnon-volatilememory,theyallowtheuserto
permanentlystoredataonthem.
•Typically,secondarystorageallowsforthestorageofdatarangingfroma
fewmegabytestopetabytes.
•Thesedevicesstorevirtuallyallprogramsandapplicationsstoredona
computer,includingtheoperatingsystem,devicedrivers,applicationsand
generaluserdata.
•Theyareusedforavarietyofpurposesrangingfrombackupdatausedfor
futurerestoresordisasterrecovery,long-termarchivingofdatathatisnot
frequentlyaccessed,andstorageofnon-criticaldatainlower-performing,
lessexpensivedrives.
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23. Use Cases of Secondary Storage
Devices
•Today,manysecondarystoragedrivesarefrequentlyexternal,especially
sincetheintroductionofUSBflashdrivesandplug-and-playdevices.
•Also,manysecondarystoragedevicesarenowvirtualdevicesresidingon
third-partycloudservershostedbymanyservicessuchasDropbox,
GoogleDrive,AmazonWebServices(AWS),orMicrosoftAzure.Cloud
repositoriesareparticularlyusedbycompaniesthatembracethesoftware-
as-a-service(SaaS)model.
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24. Forms of Backup Storage
•Althoughmanyformsofbackupstoragesuchastapedrivesandfloppy
disketteshavebeenlongabandoned,secondarystoragedevicesinclude:
•Solid-statedrives(SSDs),Harddiskdrives(HDDs),Cloudstorage,CD-
ROMdrives,DVDdrives,Blu-raydrives,USBflashdrives,SDcards,
Floppydiskette,Tapedrives,ZipandJazdrives.
•SecondarydrivesareassignedaletterfromD:onwardsbythemodern
operatingsystems.
•That’sbecausehistorically,inoldDOSandWindowsoperatingsystems,
volumelettersA:,B:,andC:werereservedfortwofloppydrives(A:and
B:)andtheprimarydrive(usuallyaharddisk).
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25. System Configuration
•Systemconfigurationisaterminsystemsengineeringthatdefinesthe
computerhardware,theprocessesaswellasthevariousdevicesthat
comprisetheentiresystemanditsboundaries.
•Thistermalsoreferstothesettingsorthehardware-softwarearrangement
andhoweachdeviceandsoftwareorprocessinteractwitheachotherbased
onasystemsettingsfilecreatedautomaticallybythesystemordefinedby
theuser.
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26. System Configuration
•Systemconfigurationmainlyreferstothespecificationofagivencomputer
system,fromitshardwarecomponentstothesoftwareandvarious
processesthatarerunwithinthatsystem.
•Itreferstowhattypesandmodelsofdevicesareinstalledandwhatspecific
softwareisbeingusedtorunthevariouspartsofthecomputersystem.
•Byextension,systemconfigurationalsoreferstothespecificoperating
systemsettingsthathavebeensetbydefaultautomaticallyormanuallyby
agivenprogramortheuser.
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27. Activity-1 for System Configuration
HowdoIfindsystemconfiguration?
•TocheckyourPChardwarespecs,clickontheWindowsStart
button,thenclickonSettings(thegearicon).
•IntheSettingsmenu,clickonSystem.Scrolldownandclick
onAbout.Onthisscreen,youshouldseespecsforyour
processor,Memory(RAM),andothersysteminfo,including
Windowsversion.
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28. Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
•Acomputerharddiskdrive(HDD)isanon-volatiledatastorage
device.Non-volatilereferstostoragedevicesthatmaintainstored
datawhenturnedoff.
•DDsareusuallyinstalledinsidedesktopcomputers,mobiledevices,
consumerelectronicsandenterprisestoragearraysindatacenters.
Theycanstoreoperatingsystems,softwareprogramsandotherfiles
usingmagneticdisks.
•Storagedeviceslikeharddisksareneededtoinstalloperating
systems,programsandadditionalstoragedevices,andtosave
documents.WithoutdeviceslikeHDDsthatcanretaindataafterthey
havebeenturnedoff,computeruserswouldnotbeabletostore
programsorsavefilesordocumentstotheircomputers.Thisiswhy
everycomputerneedsatleastonestoragedevicetopermanentlyhold
dataaslongasitisneeded.
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29. 30
The WD Black 4TB drive without its
cover
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30. Solid-state drives (SSD)
•Asolid-statedrive(SSD)isanewgenerationofstoragedevice
usedincomputers.SSDsstoredatausingflash-basedmemory,
whichismuchfasterthanthetraditionalharddisksthey'vecometo
replace.SSDsalsohavenomovingparts,andupgradingtooneisa
greatwaytospeedupyourcomputerandmakeitmoreresilient.
•SSDsstoredatapermanentlyinsideanintegratedcircuit,typically
usingflashmemory.TheflashmemoryinsideanSSDmeansdata
iswritten,transferred,anderasedelectronicallyandsilently—
SSDsdon’thavethemovingpartsfoundinsidemechanicalhard-
diskdrives(HDDs).Withoutmovingparts,SSDsarefastand
quiet,buttheyhaveahighpricetagcomparedtoHDDs.
•Example:Sandisk
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PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSDs, the Samsung 980 Pro
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32. HDD Vs SDD
1.SSDsaremuchfastercomparedtoHardDiskDrives
2.SSDsaremuchcostlycomparedtoHardDiskDrives
3.SSDs,ifdie,theydiewithoutanywarningsoyoumayloseyourdataifnot
alreadybackedup
4.SSDsaregoodforpeoplewhoneedhigherspeedsasingamingandreal-
timecomputingetc.
5.HardDiskDrivesareokayforpeoplewhorequiremoreofstoragespace
comparedtospeed.
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33. Processor
•Aprocessorisanintegratedelectroniccircuitthatperformsthecalculations
thatrunacomputer.Aprocessorperformsarithmetical,logical,
input/output(I/O)andotherbasicinstructionsthatarepassedfroman
operatingsystem(OS).
•Mostotherprocessesaredependentontheoperationsofaprocessor.
•Thetermsprocessor,centralprocessingunit(CPU)andmicroprocessorare
commonlylinkedassynonyms.Mostpeopleusetheword“processor”
interchangeablywiththeterm“CPU”nowadays,itistechnicallynot
correctsincetheCPUisjustoneoftheprocessorsinsideapersonal
computer(PC).
•TheGraphicsProcessingUnit(GPU)isanotherprocessor,andevensome
harddrivesaretechnicallycapableofperformingsomeprocessing.
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34. Threads in Computer Processor
•A thread is a sequence of instructions given to the CPU by
a program or application. The more threads a CPU can
execute at once, the more tasks it can complete.
•Threading in a CPU is a technique that can increase the
speed and efficiency of multitasking. It enables multiple
threads of execution to run simultaneously on one or more
cores in a single processor, allowing for quicker response
times and more efficient use of resources.
•Whenmultiplethreadsarerunningsimultaneously,it's
calledmultithreading.
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35. Threads in Computer Processor
•Threads are the virtual components or codes, which divides the
physical core of a CPU into virtual multiple cores. A single CPU core
can have up-to 2 threads per core.
•For example, if a CPU is dual core (i.e., 2 cores) it will have 4
threads. And if a CPU is Octal core (i.e., 8 core) it will have 16
threads and vice-versa.
•Working:
The thread is created by a process. Every time you open an
application, it itself creates a thread which will handle all the tasks of
that specific application. Like-wise the more application you open
more threads will be created.
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36. BIOS Configuration
•Istcoinedin1975byAmericancomputer
scientistGaryKildall.
•Basicinput/outputsystemistheprograma
computersmicroprocessorusestostartthe
computersystemafteritispoweredon.
•Italsomanagesdataflowbetweenthe
computersoperatingsystemandattached
devices,suchastheharddisk,videoadapter,
keyboard,mouseandprinter.
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37. 4 Functions of BIOS
•BIOSidentifies,configures,testsandconnects
computerhardwaretotheOSimmediately
afteracomputeristurnedon.
•Thecombinationofthesestepsiscalledthe
BootProcess.
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38. ThesetasksareeachcarriedoutbyBIOSfourmain
functions:
1.Power-OnSelfTest(POST):Thisteststhehardware
ofthecomputerbeforeloadingtheOS.
2.BootstrapLoader:ThislocatestheOS.
3.Software/Drivers:Thislocatesthesoftwareand
driversthatinterfacewiththeOSoncerunning.
4.ComplementaryMetal-OxideSemiconductor(CMOS)
Setup:Thisisaconfigurationprogramthatenable
userstoalterhardwareandsystemsettings.
CMOSisthenameofBIOSnon-volatilememory.
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39. Activity-3 How to Enter BIOS
Setup on Windows PCs?
•EachandeverytimeyoupressyourPC’spowerbutton,theBIOSisthefirst
operationtoloadyouroperatingsystemandallofthepersonalsettingsthatmake
yourcomputeryourown.
•WhetheryouneedtoupdateyourBIOSorsweepitcleanofsystematicbugs,
knowinghowtoenterBIOSisessentialforPCusers.InordertoaccessBIOSona
WindowsPC,youmustpressyourBIOSkeysetbyyourmanufacturerwhichcould
beF10,F2,F12,F1,orDEL.
•IfyourPCgoesthroughitspoweronself-teststartuptooquickly,youcanalso
enterBIOSthroughWindows10’sadvancedstartmenurecoverysettings.
•OnethingPCuserslovemostaboutWindowsishowmanyoptionsyoucan
configuredirectlywithinyourselectedsystem.
•Evenbeforeyourcomputerhascompletedafullstartup,youcanventureinto
yourBIOSsoftwaretomodifythebootorder,enablehardwarecomponents,or
changethesystemtimeanddate.
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40. Methods to enter in BIOS in
Windows
•Method #1: Use hotkey during boot-up
•Method #2: Use Windows 10’s start menu
How to access Windows 7, Vista, and XP BIOS
•The same method of pressing your designated hotkey during boot-up should be able to gain you access
into your BIOS. Be sure to press that button as soon as you see your manufacturer’s brand logo.
•Older operating systems tend to load more slowly, so your window of time to press your designated
hotkey should be wide enough for prompt BIOS access. Follow this three-step method to enter BIOS on
Windows 7 or later.
•Step 1.Turn off your computer
•On older operating systems, you can only access BIOS just before the Microsoft Windows logo appears
on your computer screen.
•Step 2.Power your PC on
•Step 3.Press the BIOS hotkey
•The single keystroke or combination of pressed keys will open BIOS on your PC. Oftentimes your
computer will indicate on the startup screen which key or keys need to be pressed in order to enter BIOS.
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41. PC Connection Interface
•Theinterfaceisprimarilyservesasa
connectionpointbetweendifferent
systemsandapplications,enablingthe
exchangeofdataandinformation.
•Therearetwotypesofconnections:
1.Analogsignals
2.Digitalsignals
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42. There are a variety of USB connectors as illustrated
in the figure below:
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MostprominentamongtheseareTypeA,TypeB,Mini
TypeA,MiniTypeB,TypeMicroA,andTypemicroB.
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43. Types of Connection Interface
•VGA:AVideoGraphicsArray(VGA)connectorisathree-row15-pin
DE-15connector.The15-pinVGAconnectorwasprovidedonmanyvideo
cards,computermonitors,laptopcomputers,projectors,andhighdefinition
televisionsets.Onlaptopcomputersorothersmalldevices,amini-VGA
portwassometimesusedinplaceofthefull-sizedVGAconnector.
•HDMI(High-DefinitionMultimediaInterface)isaproprietary
audio/videointerfacefortransmittinguncompressedvideodataand
compressedoruncompresseddigitalaudiodatafromanCompliantsource
device,suchasadisplaycontroller,toacompatiblecomputermonitor,
videoprojector,digitaltelevision,ordigitalaudiodevice.HDMIisadigital
replacementforanalogvideostandards.
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44. Different types of connectors:
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45. Activity-4 How to pair your
Bluetooth device to a laptop
TopairaBluetoothdevice
1.TurnonyourBluetoothdeviceandmakeitdiscoverable.Thewayyou
makeitdiscoverabledependsonthedevice.Checkthedeviceorvisitthe
manufacturer'swebsitetolearnhow.
2.OnyourPC,selectStart>Settings>Bluetooth&devices>Add
device>Bluetooth.
3.ChoosetheBluetoothdevice,followadditionalinstructionsiftheyappear,
thenselectDone.
•YourBluetoothdeviceandPCwillusuallyautomaticallyconnectanytime
thetwodevicesareinrangeofeachotherwithBluetoothturnedon.
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46. RAID
•(RedundantArrayofIndependent/InexpensiveDisks)Adiskorsolidstate
drive(SSD)subsystemthatincreasesperformanceorprovidesfault
toleranceorboth.
•RAIDusestwoormorephysicaldrivesandaRAIDcontroller,whichis
pluggedintomotherboardsthatdonothaveRAIDcircuits.
•Today,mostmotherboardshavebuilt-inRAIDbutnotnecessarilyevery
RAIDconfiguration.Inthepast,RAIDwasalsoaccomplishedbysoftware
onlybutwasmuchslower.
•Inthelate1980s,the"I"inRAIDstoodfor"inexpensive"butwaslater
changedto"independent."
•Inlargestorageareanetworks(SANs),floor-standingRAIDunitsare
commonwithterabytesofstorageandhugeamountsofcachememory.
•RAIDisalsousedindesktopcomputersbygamersforspeedandby
businessusersforreliability.FollowingarethevariousRAID
configurations.
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47. RAID 0
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RAID0-StripingforPerformance(Popular)
Widelyusedforgaming,stripinginterleavesdataacrossmultipledrives
forperformance.However,therearenosafeguardsagainstfailure.
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48. RAID 1
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RAID1-MirroringforFaultTolerance(Popular)Widelyused,
RAID1writestwodrivesatthesametime.Itprovidesthehighest
reliabilitybutdoublesthenumberofdrivesneeded.RAID10combines
RAID1mirroringwithRAID0stripingforbothsafetyand
performance.
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49. RAID 3
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RAID3-SpeedandFaultTolerance
Dataarestripedacrossthreeormoredrivesforperformance,andparity
iscomputedforsafety.SimilartoRAID3,RAID4usesblocklevel
stripingbutisnotaspopular.
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50. RAID 5
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RAID5-SpeedandFaultTolerance(Popular)Dataarestripedacross
threeormoredrivesforperformance,andparityiscomputedforsafety.
RAID5issimilartoRAID3,exceptthattheparityisdistributedtoall
drives.RAID6offersmorereliabilitythanRAID5byperformingmore
paritycomputations.
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51. GPU Basics
•Graphicsprocessingtechnologyhasevolvedtodeliveruniquebenefitsinthe
worldofcomputing.
•Thelatestgraphicsprocessingunits(GPUs)unlocknewpossibilitiesin
gaming,contentcreation,machinelearning,andmore.
•GPUstandsforgraphicsprocessingunit.You’llalsoseeGPUscommonly
referredtoasgraphicscardsorvideocards.EveryPCusesaGPUtorender
images,videoand2Dor3Danimationsfordisplay.AGPUperformsquick
mathcalculationsandfreesuptheCPUtodootherthings.
TherearetwodifferenttypesofGPUs:
•IntegratedGPUsarelocatedonaPC’sCPUandsharememorywiththe
CPU’sprocessor.
•DiscreteGPUsliveontheirowncardandhavetheirownvideomemory
(VRAM),sothatthePCdoesn’thavetouseitsRAMforgraphics.
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52. What Does a GPU Do?
•Thegraphicsprocessingunit,orGPU,hasbecomeoneofthemost
importanttypesofcomputingtechnology,bothforpersonalandbusiness
computing.Designedforparallelprocessing,theGPUisusedinawide
rangeofapplications,includinggraphicsandvideorendering.
•Althoughthey’rebestknownfortheircapabilitiesingaming,GPUsare
becomingmorepopularforuseincreativeproductionandartificial
intelligence(AI).
•GPUswereoriginallydesignedtoacceleratetherenderingof3Dgraphics.
Overtime,theybecamemoreflexibleandprogrammable,enhancingtheir
capabilities.Thisallowedgraphicsprogrammerstocreatemoreinteresting
visualeffectsandrealisticsceneswithadvancedlightingandshadowing
techniques.
•OtherdevelopersalsobegantotapthepowerofGPUstodramatically
accelerateadditionalworkloadsinhighperformancecomputing(HPC),
deeplearning,andmore.
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