UNIT 1 - The Ancien Régime. Europe in the 18th century

https://jaimegeografiaehistoria.wordpress.com/

1. UNIT 1 THE ANCIEN RÉGIME . EUROPE IN THE 18 TH CENTURY

2. Absolutism vs P arliamentarism New intellectual movements Economy Society in the Ancien Régime Art and culture

3. The Ancient Régime ABSOLUTISM AGRICULTURE MERCANTILISM HIERARCHICAL SOCIETY ABSOLUTISM VS PARLIAMENTARISM Absolutism in Europe circa 1740

4. Absolute monarchy ABSOLUTISM VS PARLIAMENTARISM Political system which appeared in the 16th century in France, in which the monarch had absolute powers. Divine right: their power emanates from God. Ruling, dictating laws and delivering justice (legislative, executive and judiciary powers) without limits (If God’s power is indivisible, so the king’s should be). Parliament, Estates General, Cortes, etc.: advisory role, but barely used. Consolidation of power through: control of the bureaucracy. professionalized army and navy influence over religious institutions (support of the Church).

5. “It is as if one could forget that the sovereign power resides in my person only, sovereign power of which the true nature consists of the spirit of consultation, justice, and reason; that my courts derive their existence and their authority from me alone; that the discharge of that authority, which they exercise in my name only, always remains with me and can never be employed against me; that independent and undivided legislative power belongs to me alone; that it is only by my authority that the officers of my courts proceed, not in the creation of laws, but in their registration, publication, and execution; that they are allowed to remonstrate only within the limits of their duties as good and useful councillors; that public order in its entirety emanates from me; that my people are one with me; and that the rights and interests of the nation, for which some dare to create a separate body from the monarch, are necessarily united with my rights and interests and rest only in my hands.” Louis XV of France, speech to Parliament (3 March 1766)

6. Parliamentary monarchy ABSOLUTISM VS PARLIAMENTARISM

7. S ome of the laws, monarch’s decisions and political measures must be approved by a representative assembly, generally a parliament. In the 18 th century: United Provinces. England (Glorious Revolution, 1688). Parliament divided into two chambers: House of Lords: nobles and clerics House of Commons: elected by the English citizens.

8. The Enlightenment NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS “Enlightenment is man's release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Sapere aude ! "Have courage to use your own reason!"- that is the motto of enlightenment. […] For this enlightenment, however, nothing is required but freedom, and indeed the most harmless among all the things to which this term can properly be applied. It is the freedom to make public use of one's reason at every point.” Immanuel Kant, Was ist Aufklärung ? (1784)

9. Philosophical and intellectual movement in Western Europe during the 18 th century. Against the ignorance and superstition of the Ancien Régime and its system of thought and morals. Against the authority of the Church. Against absolutism. Main pillars: Rationalism, based on reason (capacity for consciously making sense of things). Critical spirit and skepticism (analysis, applying logic, etc.) Faith in human progress (concept of modernity) as improvement. Education. Equality and liberty. Individualism. Opposition to a hierarchical society.
Spread: schools, academies, salons, gatherings at cafés, print media (newspapers, books), etc.

10. Precedents  17th century John Locke Isaac Newton Division of powers Scientific method

11. VOLTAIRE ROUSSEAU MONTESQUIEU “ We are born weak, we need strength; we are born destitute of all things, we need assistance ; we are born stupid, we need judgment. All that we have not at our birth, and that we need when grown up, is given us by education. This education comes to us from nature itself, or from other men, or from circumstances. The internal development of our faculties and of our organs is the education nature gives us ; the use we are taught to make of this development is the education we get from other men; and what we learn, by our own experience, about things that interest us, is the education of circumstances. […] In the natural order of things, all men being equal, the vocation common to all is the state of manhood; and whoever is well trained for that, cannot fulfil badly any vocation which depends upon it .” Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile (1762) Human progress (concept of modernity)  Improvement

12. D’ALEMBERT DIDEROT

13. JOVELLANOS CONDE DE FLORIDABLANCA SOCIEDADES ECONÓMICAS DE AMIGOS DEL PAÍS

14. “ EVERYTHING FOR THE PEOPLE, NOTHING BY THE PEOPLE ” Enlightened despotism NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS Some absolute monarchs in the 18 th century introduced reforms based on enlightened ideals, but not affecting their own power: Modernisation of agriculture. Implementation of Physiocracy, according to which agriculture is the primary source of wealth. Development of liberal economy and trade. Centralism Vs regional powers. Educational reforms.

15. CARLOS III CATHERINE II OF RUSSIA GUSTAV III OF SWEDEN JOSEPH I OF PORTUGAL JOSEPH II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR FREDERICK II OF PRUSSIA

16. Political liberalism JOHN LOCKE DAVID HUME NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS P olitical philosophy which seeks to ensure: the freedom of the individual. representative and parliamentary systems of government with popular sovereignty and right to vote (limited male suffrage). the separation of powers. the equality of all individuals without discrimination before the law governmental guarantees of civil liberties, individual rights and freedoms, such as religion, association or press.

17. Economic liberalism ADAM SMITH DAVID RICARDO NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS Economic liberalism : economic philosophy originated in Great Britain with Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Their ideas were based on: Defence of private property. Promotion of competition ( competencia ), against the structure of guilds. Freedom of choice, movement, means of productions and markets (removing therefore all the protectionist measures, tolls and taxes) . No intervention of the state in the economic life. Law of supply and demand .

18. “Wherever there is great property there is great inequality. For one very rich man there must be at least five hundred poor, and the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of the many. The affluence of the rich excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy, to invade his possessions. Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all. To prohibit a great people, however, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.” Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)

19. Agriculture ECONOMY Craftwork and trade

20. Trade and finances ECONOMY

21. Population growth SOCIETY IN THE ANCIEN RÉGIME

22. Estates and privileges SOCIETY IN THE ANCIEN RÉGIME

23. “The community of the faithful is a single body, but the condition of society is threefold in order. For human law distinguishes two classes. Nobles and serfs, indeed, are not governed by the same ordinance …. The former are the warriors and the protectors of the churches. They are the defenders of the people, of both great and small, in short, of everyone, and at the same time they ensure their own safety. […] God’s house, which we think of as one, is thus divided into three; some pray, others fight, and yet others work. The three groups, which coexist, cannot bear to be separated; the services rendered by one are a precondition for the labours of the two others; each in his turn takes it upon himself to relive the whole. Thus the threefold assembly is none the less united, and it is thus that law has been able to triumph, and that the world has been able to enjoy peace.” Bishop Adalbero of Laon, The Tripartite Society (1050)

24. Culture ART AND CULTURE New and useful sciences

25. Rococo ART AND CULTURE Aristocratic E xtremely ornate Undulating , irregular and asymmetrical designs. Frivolous.

26. Hôtel de Soubise (Paris)

27. Palacio Real (Madrid )

28. Palacio Real de La Granja (Segovia)

29. Antoine Watteau The Love Song 1717

30. Antoine Watteau The Feast of Love 1718-9

31. François Boucher Madame Pompadour 1756 François Boucher The Toilette of Venus 1751

32. Jean- Honoré Fragonard The Swing 1767 Jean- Honoré Fragonard The Secret Meeting 1771

33. Neoclassicism ART AND CULTURE

34. Pantheon (Paris)

35. Brandernburg Gate (Berlin)

36. Juan de Villanueva Real Observatorio Astronómico (Madrid) Museo del Prado (Madrid

37. Sabatini . Puerta de Alcalá (Madrid)

38. Antonio Canova Cupid and Phyche 1793 Antonio Canova Persus 1800-01

39. Francisco Gutiérrez Fuente de Cibeles 1782

40. Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii 1784

41. Jacques-Louis David The Death of Socrates 1787

42. Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing the Alps 1801 Jacques-Louis David The Coronation of Napoleon 1806

43. Rafael Mengs La Apoteósis de Hércules 1764

44. Francisco Bayeu El Olimpo . Batalla de los gigantes 1768