UNIT 1 wireless wide area network for wireless network

wireless wide area network

1. Module 1
Wireless Wide
AreaNetworks

2. Learningobjectives
–To understandWireless WideAreaNetworks
(WWANs)
–To study theWWAN standards
–To know thearchitectures ofWWANs
–To study theprotocols usedinWWANS
–To illustratetheapplicationsof WWANs

3. Wirelesswide area networks
technologiessuchasGlobalSystemforMobile
Communications(GSM),GeneralPacketRadio
Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile
TelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS), Code
DivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA),etc.,totransfer
data.
•WWAN canalsouseLocalMultipoint
DistributionService(LMDS)andWi-Fitoconnectto
theInternet.
•WWANconnectivityallowsauserwithalaptopanda
WWANcardtosurftheweb,checkemail,orconnectto
aVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)fromanywhere
withintheregionalboundariesofcellularservice.
•WWANisaformofwirelessnetworkwhichuses
mobiletelecommunicationcellularnetwork

4. Cellularnetworks
•Acellularnetworkusesalargenumberoflow-powerwireless
transmitterstocreatecells-thebasicgeographicservicearea
ofawirelesscommunicationssystem.
•Mobileuserstravelfromcelltocell,theirconversations
arehandedofbetweencellstomaintainseamlessservice.
•Channels(frequencies)usedin onecellcan
be reusedin
another cell some distance away.
•Cellscanbeaddedtoaccommodategrowth,creatingnewcells
inunservedareasoroverlayingcellsinexistingareas.
•ExamplesofthistypeofnetworksareGSM,PCS
(Personalcommunicationsystems)andUMTS/IMT2000
(UniversalMobile Telecommunications System
/InternationalMobileTelecommunications).

5. Principlesof cellularnetworks
•Thecellulararchitectureconsistsofabackbone
networkwithfixedbasestations(BSs)interconnected
throughafixednetwork(usuallywired),andofmobile
stations(MSs)thatcommunicatewiththebasestationsvia
wirelesslinks.
•Thegeographicareawithinwhichmobilestations
(MSs)cancommunicatewithaparticularbasestation
(BS)isreferredtoacell.
•Neighboringcellsoverlapwitheachother,thus
ensuringcontinuityofcommunicationswhentheusers
movefromonecelltoanother.
•TheMSscommunicatewitheachother,andwith
othernetworks,throughthebasestationsandthe
backbonenetwork.
•A set of channels (frequencies)are allocated to
each base station.

6. Principles of cellular networks
(Contd..)
•Communicationareaisdividedintohexagonalcells.Cell
dimensionsrangefromhundredsofmeterstilltens
ofkilometers.
•EachcellisservedbyaBSformedbyatransceiveranda
controlunit.Eachcellisallocatedafrequencyband
forcommunication.
•CommunicationfromMStoBSuses
reverse linkand
communication from BS to MS uses forward link.
•Frequencyreuseisatechniqueofreusingfrequenciesand
channelswithinacellularnetworktoimprovethe
networkcapacity.
•Cellsthatreusethesamefrequencymust
bedistant enough for avoiding interference.

7. Principles of cellular networks
(Contd..)
Cellular network Handoffincellular networks

8. Handoff
•Theprocedureofmovingfromonecellto
another,whileacallisinprogress,is
calledhandoff.
•Whileperforminghandoff,theMSrequires
thattheBSinthecellwhereithasmoved
allocatesachannel.
–Ifchannelisnotavailableinthenewcell,the
handoffcallisblockedandblockingiscalled
handoffblocking.

9. Handoff (Contd..)
•The QoS(Quality of Service) of a cellular network is
determinedby new calland handoff blocking
probabilities.
•Blocking probabilities can be reduced by increasing
the capacity of the cellular networks.
•Capacity of Cellular networks can be increased
–by applying efficient power control algorithms or
–by reducing the size of the cells or
–by increasing the number of channels in each cell.
•High cost solution
–Reduced cells size
–Adding supplementary channels

10. Othermethodsto increasecapacity
in cellularnetworks
•Frequency borrowing: congested cells use
frequencies taken from adjacentcellswhere less
traffic is observed.
•Cellsectoring:cellsaredividedintosectorsandeach
sectorisallocateditsownsetoffrequencies.BSsuse
directionalantennastocoversectors.
•Microcells and picocells: a microcell covers a range
of about 500 m and a picocell covers a range of about
10 m.

11. Example
Acellularnetworkhasatotalbandwidth56MHz.Iftwo35KHz
simplexchannelsareusedtoprovidefullduplexvoiceandcontrol
channels,computethenumberofchannelsavailablepercellif
asystemuses(a)4-cellreuse,(b)7-cellreuse,(c)12-cellreuse.
Solution:
•Given that the total available bandwidth is 56 MHz = 56,000 KHz.
•Channel bandwidth = 35 KHz x 2 simplex channels = 70 KHz/duplex
channels.
•Total available channels = 56,000/70 = 800 channels.
•let N denotes cell reuse.
•(a) For N = 4, Total number of channels available per cell = 800/4 =
200 channels.
•(b) For N = 7, Total number of channels available per cell = 800/7 =
115 channels.
•(c) For N = 12, Total number of channels available per cell =
800/12 = 67 channels.

12. Example
Inacellularnetworkwith
hexagonalcells,itisforbiddento
reuseafrequencybandinan
adjacentcell.If915frequenciesare
available,howmanyfrequenciescanbeusedina
given cell?
Solution:
Given that the cell shape is hexagonal,
hence it has six neighbors. If the
central cell uses frequency group A,
its six neighbors can use B, C, B, C B,
and C respectively. In other words,
only 3 unique cells are needed.
Therefore each cell can have (915/3)
or 305 frequencies.
Examplescenario

13. Example
Consideracellularnetworkwith64cells.Eachhexagonalcellhasan
approximatearea10km
2.Thetotalnumberofradiochannelsallottedforthe
networkis336.
•Whatisthetotalareacoveredbythecellularnetwork.
•Findthetotalnumberofchannelsofthenetwork,if(a)N=4,(b)N=7,(c)
N = 12, where N denotes cell reuse.
Solution:
•Totalnumberofcells=64.Eachcellarea=10km
2.
•Thetotalareacoveredbythecellularnetworkis,64X10=640
km
2.
•Itisgiventhatthetotalavailablechannelsinthenetwork=336.
•(a)ForN=4,theavailablechannelsinacell=336/4=84
–Total channels = 84 X 64 = 5,376 channels.
•(b)ForN=7,theavailablechannelsinacell=336/7=48
–Total channels = 48 X 64 = 3,072 channels.
•(c)ForN=12,theavailablechannelsinacell=336/12=28
–Total channels = 28 X 64 = 1,792 channels.

14. GSM
•Salient features of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
•Frequency band: originally designed for 900 MHz band, later for 1800 MHz
•Channels: 200 full-duplex channels per cell.
–Each channel consists of a downlink frequency and an uplink frequency.
•Circuit switched
–suffers from high error rate, CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) can be
used to over come this problem.
•Speed: see Chapter 1.
•Hybrid frequency-division/time-division multiple access (FDMA/TDMA):
–FDMA divides 25 MHz allocated bandwidth into 125 carrier frequencies
that are spaced 200 kHz apart.
–Eight burst periods (slots) are grouped into a TDMA frame(approx.
4.615 ms, i.e., 0.577 ms for one slot).
–A physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame. Slow frequency
hopping at up to 217 times per second.
–Services: Supports value added services such as SMS (Short Message
Service), access to Internet, Wireless Application Protocol, call forwarding, etc.

15. GSM Architecture
•GSMnetworksoperateat
variousdifferentradio
and/orfrequencies:900MHz
1800MHz.
•USAandCanadaoperateat
850MHz and/or 1900MHz.
•Majorcomponentsof a
GSM network are:
–MS (Mobile Station),
–BSS (Base Station System),
–Operation and Maintenance
Center (OMC), and
–NetworkandSwitching
Subsystem(NSS).
GSM networkarchitecture

16. GSM Architecture(Contd..)
Station(MS):
phone,PDAora
•Mobile
Mobile
laptop.
•It consistsofa
subscriberidentitymodule
(SIM)andamobile
equipment(ME).
–TheME (the
phone itself),is
identifiedby
Mobile
Identity
International
Equipment
(IMEI).

17. BaseStation System(BSS)
•Consists of
–One or more base
transceiverstation(BTS).ABTS
(orBS),isaradioaccesspoint
thatdefinesasinglecell:it
includesaradioantenna,anda
radio transceiver. It
performs channel
coding/decodingandencryption/
decryption.
–Abasestationcontroller(BSC):
BSsareconnectedtoa
BSCwhichmanages the
radioresources.BSCis
responsibleforhandoversto
othercellsbasedonBS
transmitterpower.

18. OMC
•Operation and Maintenance
Center(OMC):manages
theGSMfunctionalblocks:
MobileSwitchingCenter
(MSC)andtheBSC(and
indirectlytheBS).
•Maintainssatisfactory
operationoftheGSM
networkbasedonobserving
thesystemload,blocking
rates,handovers,etc.

19. NSS
•Network and Switching
Subsystem (NSS): it contains
–Mobile Switching Center
(MSC): used to facilitate
communication between
different MSs connected
to different BSs.

20. NSS (Contd..)
–Interworking Functional
Unit (IFU): allows the
mobile stations (MSs)
connected to a mobile
switching center (MSC)
to connect to public
switched data network
(PSDN), to public
switched telephone
network (PSTN) or the
Internet.

21. NSS (Contd..)
–Equipment Identity
Register (EIR):
It contains a list of valid
MS equipment within the
network, where each MS is
identified by its
International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI).

22. NSS (Contd..)
–Home Location Register
(HLR): Database for
management of mobile
subscribers. Billing:
must identify that every
call is being made by
either a home or a
roaming user.
–Visitor Location
Register (VLR):
Manages roaming

23. NSS (Contd..)
–Authentication Center
(AuC):
•It is a protected
database that has a
copy of the secret
key stored in each
subscriber’s SIM
card.
•This key is used for
authentication and
encryption over the
radio channel.

24. GSM as a cellularnetworkstandard
•GSM was the European standard for voice services; later
data services were introduced.
•SomeofthestandardsdevelopedforWWANsareIS-41,
IS-54,IS-88,IS-91,IS-93,IS-95,IS-124,IS-637,IS-756,
andIS-2000.
•IS stands for Inter-Systems operation
•Four different cell sizes in a GSM network
–macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells.
•macro cells: cells where the BS antenna is installed in a mast
or a building above average roof top level.
•micro cells: Antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas.
•picocells: they are mainly used indoors.
•umbrella cells : To cover shadowed regions of smaller cells
and fill gaps in coverage between those cells.

25. GPRS
•GeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)isanon-voice
value-addedservicethatallowsinformationtobesent
andreceivedacrossamobiletelephonenetwork.
•Itsupplementstoday’scircuit-switcheddata
andSMS.
•GPRSisnotrelatedtotheglobalpositioning
system(GPS),asimilaracronymthatisoftenused
inmobilecontexts.

26. GPRS Architecture
•General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an
enhancement over the GSMand adds some
nodes in the network to provide the packet
switched services.
•These network nodes are called GPRS support
nodes (GSNs) and are responsible for the
routing and delivery of the data packets to and
from the MS and external packet data network
(PDN)

27. GPRS Architecture(Contd..)

28. GPRS mobile station(MS)
•GPRSmobilestation(MS)includestwocomponents:
MT(MobileTerminal)andTE(Terminal
Equipment).
–MT is typically a handset used to access the radio interface.
It consists of
•ME,
•SIM, and
•Terminal Adaptation Function (TAF)
–TAFhelpsGPRSTEmerelytousetheradio
system at hotspots.
–TE is typicallya laptop or a
Personal DigitalAssistant (PDA).

29. GPRS mobilestation (Contd..)
•Three different classes of MS have been
defined:
–Class-A: supports simultaneous monitoring and operation
of both GPRS (packet-switched) and GSM (circuit-
switched) services.
–Class-B: supports simultaneous monitoring but not
simultaneous operation of GSM (circuit-switched) and
GPRS (packet-switched) services.
–Class-C: supports either GSM (circuit-switched) or GPRS
(packet-switched) monitoring and operation at a given time.

30. SGSN
•SGSN (Serving
GPRS support
nodes): It is
responsible for the
delivery of data
packets from and to
the mobile stations
within its
geographical service
area.
•SGSN performs the
following functions:
authentication and
authorization.

31. GGSN
•GGSN (Gateway
GPRS support
nodes). It acts as
interface between
the GPRS
backbone and the
external PLMN
(Public Land
Mobile Network)
or Internet
•It interfaces to
external data
networks
(basically it is a
network router)

32. CGF(The Charging Gateway Function)
•Itprovidesthemechanismoftransferofcharging
informationfromtheGPRSSupportNodes
(GSNs)thebillingsystem
•The CGF can be a separate centralized element or it
can be distributed among GPRS Support Nodes
•GPRSnetworksderivecharginginformationforeach
usertransactionintoCallDetailRecords(CDRs)
fromSGSNsandGGSNs.
•Billingistypicallybasedontheamountofdata
transferred

33. FunctioningofGPRS
•GPRSisapacket-switchedprotocolfor
applications such as World Wide Web (WWW).
•SGSNreceives and
transmits packets
between
the MSs and their counterparts in the PSDN
•GGSNinterworks with
thePSDN using
connectionless network protocols
•SGSN and GGSN interact with the GSM location
databases

34. Functioningof GPRS (Contd..)
•The GPRS data units are routed to the destination
MSs based on location information.
•Both SGSN and GGSN may be equipped with cache
memories containing location information to speed up
the routing procedure.
•GPRS air interface requires a new radio link protocol
to guarantee fast call setup procedure and low bit
error rate for data transfer between the MSs and the
BSs.

35. CDMA
•Codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)isachannel
accessmethod utilizedby various
radiocommunicationtechnologies.
•CDMAconsistentlyprovidesbettercapacityforvoice
and datacommunicationsthanother
commercialmobiletechnologies.

36. CDMA (Contd..)
•Whenimplementedinacellulartelephonesystem,
CDMA technology offers following benefits:
–Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS analog
system and 4 to 5 times that of a GSM system.
–Improved call quality
–Simplified system planningthrough
the useofthe same
frequency in every sector of every cell.
–Improved coverage characteristics

37. CDMA (Contd..)
•CDMAOnedescribesacompletewirelesssystembased
ontheIS-95CDMAstandard,includingIS-95AandIS-
95Brevisions.
•IS-95Adescribesthestructureofthewideband1.25MHz
CDMAchannels,powercontrol,callprocessing,hand-offs,
andregistrationtechniquesforsystemoperation.
•CDMA 2000 representsa family of
InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).
•WCDMA (or W-CDMA) stands for Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access.

38. CDMA2000networkarchitecture

39. The Mobile Station(MS)
•In a CDMA2000 1X network, the mobile station-the
subscriber's handset-functions as a mobile-IP client.
•Upon power-up,themobile station
automatically registers with the HLR in order to
–Authenticatethemobilefortheenvironment
of the accessed network
–Provide the HLR with the mobile's current location
–ProvidetheServing MobileSwitching
Centre(MSC-S)
with the mobile's permitted feature set

40. Base Station Transceiver
Subsystem (BTS)
•BTS controls the activities of the air link and acts as
the interface between the network and the mobile.
•RFresourcessuchasfrequencyassignments,
sectorseparationandtransmitpowercontrolare
managedattheBTS.
•Inaddition,theBTSmanagestheback-haulfromthe
cellsitetotheBaseStationController(BSC)to
minimizeanydelaysbetweenthesetwoelements.

41. BaseStation Controller(BSC)
•BSC routes voice-and circuit-switched data messages
between the cell sites and the MSC.
•Italsobearsresponsibilityformobilitymanagement:
itcontrolsanddirectshandoffsfromonecellsiteto
anotherasneeded.

42. Packetdataservingnode
•The PDSN does the following activities:
–Managetheradio-packetinterfacebetweenthe
BSS(BaseStationSubsystem=BTS+BSC)and
theIPnetworkbyestablishing,maintaining
andterminatinglinklayertothemobileclient
–TerminatethePoint-to-PointProtocol
(PPP)sessioninitiatedbythesubscriber
–ProvideanIPaddressforthesubscriber(either
fromaninternalpoolorthroughaDHCPserveror
throughanAAAserver)

43. Packetdata servingnode(Contd..)
–Performpacketroutingtoexternalpacketdata
networksorpacketroutingtotheHAwhichoptionally
canbeviasecuretunnels
–Collect and forward packet billing data
–Activelymanagesubscriberservicesbasedonthe
profileinformationreceivedfromtheSCSserverofthe
AAAserver
–Authenticateuserslocally,orforwardauthentication
requeststotheAAAserver

44. Packetdata servingnode(Contd..)
•Accounting,Authentication,andAuthorization
(AAA)server:AAAserverisusedtoauthenticateand
authorizeusersfornetworkaccessandto
storesubscriberusagestatisticsforbillingand
invoicing.
•HomeAgent(HA)server:HAsupportsseamlessdata
roamingintoothernetworks.

45. Call set-upscenarioin CDMA2000

46. Call set-up scenario in CDMA2000
(Contd..)
•The sequence of operations during call set up are
mentioned below:
1.To register for packet data services, the mobile sends an
Origination Message over the access channel to the BSS.
2.The BS acknowledges the receipt of the Origination
Message, returning a BS ACK to the mobile.
3.The BS constructs a Service Request message and sends
the message to the MSC.

47. Call set-up scenario in CDMA2000
(Contd..)
4.TheMSCsendsanAssignmentRequestmessagetotheBSS
requestingassignmentofradioresources.Noterrestrial
circuitbetweentheMSCandtheBSisassignedtothe
packetdatacall.
5.TheBS andthemobileperform radio
resource set-up
procedures.
6.ThePCFsendsRegistrationRequestmessageto
theselectedPDSN.
7.The Registration Request is validated and the PDSN accepts
the connection by returning an Registration Reply message.
8.Aftertheradiolinkandconnectionareset-up,theBSsends
anAssignmentCompletemessagetotheMSC.

48. Call set-up scenario in CDMA2000
(Contd..)
9.ThemobileandthePDSNestablishthelinklayer
(PPP)connectionandthenperformtheregistration
proceduresoverthelinklayer(PPP)connection.
10.Aftercompletionofregistration,themobilecan
send/receivedata.
11.The PCF periodically sends Registration Request message
for refreshing registration for the connection.
12.ForavalidatedRegistrationRequest,thePDSN
returnsRegistrationReplymessage.

49. GSM Vs. CDMA

50. Handoverin cellularnetworks

51. The operation sequence for handover is as follows
1.When a Mobile Station moves to a new MSC, it requests for
location update.
2.New MSC enters subscribers details in associated (new) VLR
by requesting update location area.
3.New VLR forwards location update to HLR.
4.HLR requests old VLR to delete subscribers entry. At the same
time it also sends the subscriber's details to new VLR.
Handover in cellular networks
(Contd..)

52. TheseslidesarebasedontheslidesformattedbyDrSunilkumarS.manviandDrMahabaleshwarS.Kakkasageri,the
authorsofthetextbook:WirelessandMobileNetworks,conceptsandprotocols.See slide numberone.
5.Deletion of the entry is acknowledged.
6.From new VLR, the subscriber details is acknowledged to
the HLR.
7.In HLR also the handover of MS is updated and it is
acknowledged to the new VLR.
8.New VLR acknowledges the message to the new MSC.
9.New MSC updates the MS location.
Handover in cellular networks
(Contd..)

53. Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)

54. Call set-up scenario from PSTN to
the MS
1.FromPSTN,thecallisrequested
totheGMSC forthe
mobilestation.
2.GMSCtransfersthecalltothe
HLR for verification
andpossiblelocationofthe
mobilestation.
3.HLRsearchestheassigned
mobilestationinMSC/VLR,
wherecurrentlyitislocated.
4.VLRgivestherequested
mobilestationcurrentlocation
(basestation)totheHLR.
5.HLR transfers that message to
the
GMSC for possible connectionwith
where
thecurrentbasestation
themobilestationis
located.
GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center) is a
special kind of MSC that is used to route calls
outside the mobile network
TheseslidesarebasedontheslidesformattedbyDrSunilkumarS.manviandDrMahabaleshwarS.Kakkasageri,the
authorsofthetextbook:WirelessandMobileNetworks,conceptsandprotocols.See slide numberone.

55. Call set-up scenario from PSTN to
the MS (Contd..)
6.GMSC connects to the MSC.
7.MSC in-turn connects to the
base station.
8.Base station establishes the
connection with the mobile
station until the end of the call.
9.When the call is completed,
the mobile station releases the
channel by informing to the
base station.
10.Base station releases the
channel and updates in HLR
and VLR.

56. Satellitenetworks
•A satellite is an object that orbits or revolves around
another object.
•Satellitecommunicationsystemsdiffer
fromterrestrialsystemsinthatthetransmitterisnot
basedonthegroundbutinthesky.
•Asatellitesystemconsistingofoneormoresatellites
andthecooperatingearthstationsisreferredasa
satellitenetwork.

57. SatelliteandOrbits
•Anorbitisthepaththat
asatellitefollowsas
itrevolvesaroundEarth.
•Basically there are three
categoriesof
Low
main
orbits,
Earth
Theyare
Orbit(LEO),
Orbit
and
Earth
MediumEarth
(MEO),
Geostationary
Orbit (GEO)

58. Salientfeatures
•Asatellitenetworkcommunicatesusingearthstationsand
satellites
•Communicationfromearthstationtosatelliteiscalleduplink
channelwhereascommunicationfromearthstationtosatellite
iscalleddownlinkchannel.
•Some of the features of satellite networks are as follows
–Coverage
–Speed
–Security
–Servicetypes
–Usage
–Repeater
–Packetswitched
–Frequency band

59. Architecture

60. Architecture(Contd..)
•Satellite
–Asatelliteisatypeofsatellitenetworkcomponentthatorbitstheearth
inspaceasawirelessreceiver/transmitter.
•Ground stations
–Manysatellitesaremovingintheirrespectiveorbitsovertheearth,thus
itisidealisticthatwecanfreelycommunicatewithasatellitebyaradio
frequencywheneverwewanttomonitoritsstatusorsendacommand.
•Users
–Asatellitenetworkusermaybeasatellitetelephone(satphone),ora
communicationunitintheshipisatypeofmobilephonethatconnects
toorbitingsatellitesinsteadofterrestrialcellsites.

61. WLANVs.WWAN
•Coverage
–Wireless local area networks by definition operate over
a
small, local coverage area, normally about 100 m in range.
–Wirelesswideareanetworkscoveramuchwiderarea,such
aswhereverthecellularnetworkproviderhaswireless
coverage.

62. •Speed
–Wireless WAN speeds differ depending on the technology
used
•GPRSnetworksofferamaximumuserdatarateofover115kbpsif
alleighttimeslotsinacellareallocatedfordatatransmission.
•DataspeedsonCDMAnetworkswereinitiallyavailableatspeeds
of14.4kbps,buthaveincreasedtoamaximumthroughputof153
kbpsascarriershaveimplementedCDMA20001X
(1xRTT)networks
WLANVs.WWAN (Contd..)

63. •Data Security
–In contrast to the security weaknesses in 802.11 networks,
cellular wireless WAN networks are extremely secure.
–Thesenetworksincorporatemilitary
technologyand sophisticated encryption and
authentication methods.
–Hotspots arewireless LANsavailable
tothepublicina
location like an airport, coffee shop, or city neighborhood.
WLANVs.WWAN (Contd..)

64. •Cost
–SincewirelessLANsoperateintheunlicensed
frequencyrange,thereisnoservicecostforusingaprivate
wirelessLAN.
–Themaincostinvolvedisthecostofpurchasingand
installingthewirelessLANequipmentanddevices,andthe
costofmaintainingthenetworkandtheusers.
WLANVs.WWAN (Contd..)

65. Interworking of WLAN and
WWAN
•AlthoughWLANsandWWANsmayappearto
becompetingtechnologies,theyarefarmore
usefulascomplementarytechnologies.
•Theseareusedtogether,auserwouldhavethebestof
both technologies,offeringhigh-speed
wirelessaccessinacampusarea,andaccesstoall
theirdataandapplicationswithhigh-speedcellular
accessfromanywherewithwirelessWANnetwork
coverage.

66. WWANapplications
•WirelessInternet
–Internetcanbeaccessedthroughthefollowing:
IEEE802.11,802.11a,
•GlobalSatelliteNetworks.
•CellularNetworks:GSM,CDPD,GPRS.
•WCDMA/cdma2000WirelessLANs:
802.11b.
•PersonalAreaNetworks:IEEE802.15,Bluetooth.

67. Wireless Internetaccess
–Fixed
–Portable
–Mobile
–Terminal/UserMobility
•Servicetypesfor
Internetaccessareas
follows:

68. Other applicationsof WWAN