Unit-11 motivation in psycology of nursing b.sc nursong 1st yera.pptx

psychology nursing

1. Unit-11 motivation prepared by Poonam Khadka Chhetri lecturer mmihs 2076/77

2. Motivation The term motivation can be traced to the Latin word ‘ movere ’ which means “ to move ”. Motivation refers to that factors that causes ,channel and sustain an individual’s behavior. James Stoner

3. Motivation refers to the driving and pulling forces which result in persistent behavior directed towards particular goals. (Morgan, King, Weisz and Schopler , 1993) Thus motivation is something which promotes, compels and energizes an individual to act or behave in a particular manner at a particular time for attaining some specific goal or purposes.

4. Motive It is an inner forces which moves a person to a certain action A motive is a force that determines the activity of an individual. It energizes and directs his behavior along this or that channel. Motive in a broad sense of the word include needs, basic interests, likes, dislikes, desires and attitudes . A motive is the force that initiates, sustains & directs the activity of an organism. (Bhatia)

5. Motivation consists of these three interacting and interdependent elements 1. Needs Needs are general wants, and desire that are created by physiological or psychological imbalance. For example, a need exists when cells in the body are deprived of food and water .

6. 2. Drives Are set up to alleviate needs . A drive can be simply defined as a deficiency with direction. Physiological and psychological drives are action oriented and provide an energizing thrust toward reaching a goal. They are at the very heart of the motivational process. Example of the needs for food and water are translated into the hunger and thirst drives .

7. 3. Incentives or goal At the end of the motivational cycle is the incentive/ goal, defied as anything that will alleviate a need and reduce a drive. Thus , attaining an incentive will tend to restore physiological or psychological balance and will reduce or cut off the drive. Eating food, drinking water tend to restore the balance and reduce the corresponding drives. Food and water are the examples of incentives.

8. Types of motive Primary motives/ physiological, biological, unlearned Secondary motives/ social motives Personal motives Unconscious motive

9. 1 . Primary motives/ physiological, biological, unlearned These motives are essential for the survival of the organism . Such motives are triggered when there is imbalance in the body/ certain physiological needs are not being satisfied The body always tends to maintain a state of equilibrium called “Homeostasis”- in many of its internal physiological processes .

10. Two criteria must be met to include motive in the primary classification Unlearned and physiologically based

11. 1. Primary motives/ physiological, biological, unlearned or primary Need for oxygen Hunger- low blood sugar Thirst- dryness of mouth Rest and sleep Sex Need for activity Drive for elimination of wastes

12. Need for oxygen The hunger drive – the urge for food is the result of certain important bio – chemical changes that take place in the body . It is found from the birth If the child is hungry unless he gets food he stops crying It is same with adult, when we are hungry, we become restless & is ready to do anything to get And soon as we eat food we forget about it & food is no more our priority till we are hungry again

13. The thirst drive – usually felt faster than hunger drive The motive of thirst motivates to act for getting water & this motive disappear when we drink water . The sex drive –Strong physiological need but not essential in order to survive such as water and food This is a powerful drive but its biological satisfaction is not essential to life It is the method by which survival of human race is ensured. All living beings are motivated by this motive for further growth of their generation But the expression however depends on social & moral code

14. The need for rest & sleep – This is a fundamental drive both in animals & humans. Continued a ctivity leads to fatigue & the need for rest becomes imperative Sleep is another important need of the body It is periodic & rhythmic in nature deprivation from sleep cause annoyance & discomfort. The need for activity – The need for activity arises after rest & sleep There is a positive zeal in well – rested organism The amount of such activity depends upon the nutritional status & on the rested state of muscles, sense organs & brain

15. Drive for elimination needs When bladder and intestine distended with waste material IT causes discomfort & restless behaviour until the tension are relieves These needs become very urgent if not promptly met

16. 2 . Secondary motives/ social motives Secondary motives are those motives or urges which have some social significance, which operate in our relationship with people . known as acquired or learned motives . These some complex forms of motives, which result mainly from man's interaction with his social environment. These motives are called social because they learned in social groups. Social motives are general characteristics of a person and since they are learned motives, their strength differs greatly from one individual to other

17. Secondary motives 1. Achievement motive 2. Affiliation motive 3. Power motive 4. Dependency Motive 5. Cooperation Motive 6. Curiosity motive 7. Security motive 8. Status motive 9. Aggression motive 10. Conformity motive

18. Achievement motive Achievement may be defined as the degree of which a person wishes to accomplish challenging goals, succeed in competitive situations, and exhibit the desire for unambiguous feedback regarding performance . Achievement motivation is the need or desire to achieve something

19. It is a strong motive characterized by ambition, high level of energy and strong desire for independence . Human beings have a strong desire to achieve something like money, fame, degree, merit, position, medals, good life partner etc., not only for raising ones position in the eyes of others but also for the satisfaction he/she gets out of his/her accomplishment.

20. 2. Affiliation motive Sometimes we find people trying desperately to get close to people, to seek their help, and to become members of their group This type of behavior seeking other human beings and wanting to be close to them both physically and psychologically is called affiliation . Affiliation may be defined as the degree to which people seek approval from others, conform to their wishes and avoid conflict or confrontations with others. Those with high needs for affiliation express the greatest d esire to be socially accepted by others

21. In other words, affiliation refers to the need that people have to be with others. This affiliation need is aroused when individuals feel threatened or helpless and also when they are happ y . People high on this need are motivated to seek the company of others and to maintain friendly relationships with other people .

22. Studies revealed that fear and anxiety are closely associated with the affiliation motive . When little children are frightened, they seek others to comfort them .

23. 3. Power motive As an independent motive, the need for power expresses itself behaviors, which tend to control and influence the course of events including the behaviors of others . The desired to be in a position of control, to be the boss, to give orders, to command respect and obedience is called the power motive, power motive directs the behavior of dictators, gang leader and the builders of fraudulent financial empires

24. Traditionally it was believed that power was desired by people as an instrument to satisfy other motives like aggression, affiliation etc . In the past, mankind has always struggled for power . The quest for power is readily observable in modern society. The politician is probably the best example.

25. Furthermore , there is a distinction between social and personal power. Social power – leader devoted to develop trust and respect from followers and Personal power oriented toward the ability to dominate others and for the personal gain of the leader.

26. People with power motive will be concerned with having an impact on others . They try to influence people by their reputation. They expect people to bow their heads and obey their instructions. Usually people with high power motive choose jobs, where they can exert their powers. They want people as followers. They expect high prestige and recognition from others. For example, a person may aspire to go for jobs like Police Officer, Politician, Deputy Commissioner, etc.

27. 4 . Dependency Motive Dependency refers to interpersonal relationships where an individual behaves in a way in order to gain attention, reassurance, assistance, comfort, support from fellow men. People use to spend more time with parents, or intimate friends when in difficult situations. They seek advice and mutually spend upon one another in working on the solution to various problems . Research studies indicate that the girls tend to be more dependent and more affiliate than boys . dependency motive is one form of the need for affiliation.

28. 5. Cooperation Motive Cooperation is an acquired motive. It is a condition manifested when two or more individuals or groups work together to achieve a common goal, cooperation signifies lack of mutual disagreement and opposition among fellow group-members, and absence of rivalry.

29. 6 . Curiosity motive Curiosity motive manifests itself in the tendency to know, to explore, to find out and to extend one’s knowledge. the child wants to know ‘what’. Why’ and ‘how’ of things and phenomena . It is shown in the spirit of adventure. We spend our time, energy and money constantly in satisfying this urge to experience the new.

30. 7 . Security motive Security is a very intense motive in a fast–paced, highly technological society It can be said that people have to learned security motive to protect themselves from the contingencies of life and actively try to avoid situations that would prevent from satisfying their primary, general and secondary motives In reality, security is much more complex than it appears on the surface

31. The simple, conscious security motive is - insurance programs, personal saving plans, and other fringe benefits at the place of employment. On the other hand, the more complex, unconscious security motive is not so easily fulfilled, but may have a greater and more intense impact on human behavior.

32. 8 . Status motive Along with security, the status or prestige motive is especially relevant to a dynamic society . Status can be simply defined as the relative ranking that a person holds in a family, group, organizations or society. Everyone has status, but it may be high or low, depending on how the relative positions are ranked. Status determination depends on the prevailing cultural values and societal roles . Status determining factors generally have quite different meaning, depending on the values of the particular culture .

33. 9. Aggression motive Human aggression is primarily under the control of social factors Aggression is a verbal or physical behaviour aimed at harming another person or living being (Anderson & Bushman, 2002 ) Intense frustrations after high expectations, verbal and nonverbal insults, fear and anxiety can trigger aggression Aggression may appear appropriate and self-protective, even constructive, as in a healthy self-assertiveness, or inappropriate and destructive

34. 10. Conformity motive Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms Conformity generally refers to the tendency to allow one's opinions, attitudes, actions, and even perceptions to be affected by prevailing opinion; attitudes, actions and perceptions.

35. 3. Personal motive When primary and secondary motive become highly individualized give rise to personal motive These are highly personalized and individualized motives Habit- motivate the individual to indulge in action automatically Goals of life- Once a goal is set, people will be motivated to fulfil the goal Levels of aspirations- Aspiration is aspiring to achieve something or a goal but it depends upon the level of motivation the individual has Attitudes and interests- Our attitudes and interests determine our motivation and are specific to individual. For example, a person within the family, may have positive attitude towards family planning and all others having negative attitudes .

36. 4 . Unconscious motives Those motives of which are unaware called unconscious motives. Some psychologist believes that significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives .

37. The idea that our behavior is driven by unconscious motives was put forth by Sigmund Freud , He said that the mind is like an iceberg, and that only a small part is revealed to conscious awareness, while the bigger, deeper reasons for our actions lie beneath the surface . Abraham Maslow, also said that unconscious motives take a central role in determining how people behave

38. Intrinsic motivation vs . extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation These are internally generated Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards Intrinsic reward includes feeling of responsibility , feeling of being challenged or competitive, strong need/ desire of achievement and accomplishment

39. Extrinsic motives These are tangible and visible to others Other people or agents distribute them In the work setting, it includes pay, benefit, promotions etc. extrinsic motivators are necessary to attract people in to the organization and to keep them in job And also used to inspire workers to achieve at higher level or to reach new goals. these two types of motivators are not completely distinct from each other. Many motivators have both intrinsic and extrinsic components.

40. Positive motivation Reward based motivation which tries to create willingness to perform better Monetary incentive - payment Nonmonetary incentive – participation in decision making Negative motivation Act of forcing employees to work by means of threat and punishment Involve disciplinary action Monetary –fines Nonmonetary – demotion transfer to remote areas

41. Importance of motivation Motive is something that energies, prompts and compels an organism to act or behave in a particular manner. The knowledge of it certainly helps a nurse to understand the reason behind a patient’s particular behaviour . The nurse has to remember that motives are at work in the life of patients, colleagues and own daily relationship Understanding own motives and patient will help the nurse to build a cooperative relationship between the patient and the health care team For the provision of effective nursing care, a nurse has to recognized all the basic needs and drives of a patient

42. Similarly, social motive can be accomplished by providing company of other patient, fixing visiting hour Creating safe environment to patient. Likewise, if a nurse able to identify unconscious motive, she can act accordingly

43. She has to remember that due to illness many of this drive is weak. Better knowledge regarding basic needs and drives which come under physiological drives or needs, a nurse is able to create conditions in the ward which are conducive to patient satisfaction The knowledge of motives enables a nurse to have better understanding about human behaviour . Motives helps a nurse to understand the reason behind a patient’s particular behaviour and the emotions, interest , attitudes, values and belief of patient Once she finds the reason behind it she can act accordingly .

44. In general, motives for any particular behaviour can be viewed in three different ways. 1. By looking at the person’s need or emotional state at the time 2. By looking backwards at the chain of events which have lead up to the present state and 3. By looking forwards to see what person’s aims are Adequate knowledge regarding motive only, nurse is able to provide need based care to patient

45. Importance continue…. Direct and control the behaviour Direct activities toward the achievement of goal Create willingness and interest Better performance Increase job satisfaction Increase morale Reduce absenteeism Better human relationship/ increased cooperation Proper utilization of resources Readiness for change Reduction in labour turnover

46. Motivation is important to an individual as: Motivation will help him/her achieve his personal goals . Motivation will help in self-development of individual. If an individual is motivated, he /she will have job satisfaction. An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team.

47. Role of motivation in learning and health education Learning is self-initiated, but it must be aided by motives so that the learner will persist in the learning activity Motivation is the heart of learning process. All learning is not the same. It differs according to the level of motivation. The stronger and clearer the motive in learning , the greater will be the effort and interest shown by the learner in learning. When the motivation is high, we learn without taking much time.

48. Motivation has a direct impact on learning and behavior. First, motivation directs behavior toward particular goals . Motivation determines the specific goals toward which people strive; thus, it affects the choices students make. Motivation also leads to increased effort and energy . Motivation determines whether a student will pursue a task (even a difficult one) with enthusiasm

49. Motivation increases the initiation and persistence of activities. Motivated students more likely to pay attention and try to understand Motivation enhance cognitive process Increase the students time on task

50. A student who is intrinsically motivated undertakes an activity “for its own sake, for the enjoyment it provides, the learning it permits, or the feelings of accomplishment it evokes” Extrinsically motivated student performs and strives to succeed “in order to obtain some reward or avoid some punishment external to the activity itself,” such as grades or teacher approval The factors of motivation can be physiological need, rewards, praise and blame, competition, good employment, social prestige etc. The motivating factors are of short term and long term. Learning……………

51. Definition of health education Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes .(WHO) Health education is not only concerned with the communication of information, but also with fostering the motivation, skills and confidence (self-efficacy) necessary to take action to improve  health

52. Models of health education M edical model Motivational model A wareness Motivation - interest Evaluation Decision making c. Action –adoption /acceptance 3. Social interventional model

53. Principles of health education Credibility Interest Participation Motivation Comprehension Reinforcement Learning by doing Known to unknown Setting an example Good human relations Feedback leaders

54. Motivation towards utilizing modern health facilities For utilizing of modern health facilities, these should be accepted by community people and should be accessible as well as affordable for them. 1. for acceptability Let the community feel the need for modern health facilities Modern health facilities should be able to fulfill the felt need of the community

55. 2. for accessibility and affordability The term “accessibility “refers to the health care system that can be reached and used by all people. Affordable cost Provision of free services for the needed ones

56. Accessibility also refers to the availability of drugs and other supplies at health post and hospitals Accessibility implies the continuation and organized supply of care that is geographically, financially, culturally and functionally within easy reach of the whole community. Geographical location of the center from where modern health facilities are provided should be accessible i.e. neither too far nor demands unnecessary expenses.

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