Unit 2 Introduction and to Literature.pptx

Literature

1. Introduction to Literature Hassin ur Rehman

2. Introduction to Literature Literature is any written work. Literature is the work of art that uses the language creatively to portray the message to the intended audience. Literature is a work of art that uses the language creatively to express human realities to the society.

3. Types of literature i . Oral literature: This is a type of literature that presents the message through words of mouth. ii. Written literature: This is a type of literature that presents the message through/ in written form

4. What is Literature literature as a term indicated all books and writing. Imaginative Literature Reflection of the society Human behavior Representation of culture and tradition

5. Importance of Literature Literature is the foundation of life. Builds critical thinking skills Improves communication It connects to the past and teaches about past. A way of entertainment Appreciation and understanding of other culture Tells about society, history, and human behavior

6. History of English Literature Anglo Saxon Anglo Norman Medieval Age The age of Revival Restoration period Age of reason/ Age of Enlightenment Romantic Age Victorian age Modern Age Post Modern age

7. Anglo Saxon Period In the ancient times, there were three tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the northern Europe. In the 5th century, they conquered Britain and settled down there. After driving the native people into the deep mountains of Wales and Scotland, they divided the whole island among themselves. Angles settled down in the east midland, and built the kingdom of East Angles; Saxons took the southern part of the island and set up some small kingdoms such as Wessex , Essex and Sussex; Jutes occupied the southeastern corner of the island. Gradually seven kingdoms arose in Britain. In the 7th century, these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England. Angles, Saxons and Jutes who are usually known as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. The language spoken by them is called the Old English, which is the foundation of English language and literature. With the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, the history of English literature began.

8. Anglo Norman Period The Normans was originally a hardy race of sea rovers living in Scandinavia. In the l0th century, they conquered a part of northern France, which has been called Normandy, and settled down there. They adopted French as their language and embraced Christianity. They became renowned for their learning, their military prowess and their organizing ability. The Duke of Normandy William the Great was an able military leader and statesman. In the year 1066, he led the Norman army to attack England. The two armies met and fought at Hastings. Finally the English army was defeated. William and his men marched speedily into London and William became the King of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. The new king ruled England with a high hand. He made a thorough job of taking over the country, and had everything inventoried. William saw himself as the owner of the country. He owned the land and everything in it. The feudal social structure in England was just like the pyramid in Egypt. At its top was the King William and below him were his noblemen such as barons and knights.

9. Middle or Medieval Age Middle Ages are the period in Europe dating from the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, around the 5th century, to the 15th century. However, the fixing of dates for the beginning and end of the Middle Ages is arbitrary; at neither time was there any sharp break in the cultural development of the continent. The term seems to have been first used by in a book published in 1483. The term implied a suspension of time and, especially, a suspension of progress - a period of cultural stagnation, once referred to as the Dark Ages, between the glory of classical antiquity and the rebirth of that glory in the beginnings of the modern world. Modern scholarship generally divides the Middle Ages into three stages and is much more concerned with diversity even within the subdivisions.

10. Age of Revival/ Renaissance Age Age of Revival in the history of English literature comes right after the death of Chaucer and extends roughly up to the middle of the sixteenth century. It was characterized by renewed interest in the classics, voicing against corruptions of religious institutions and exploration of the world.

11. Restoration Period The Restoration refers to the restoration of the monarchy when Charles II was restored to the throne of England following an eleven-year Commonwealth period during which the country was governed by Parliament under the direction of the Puritan General Oliver Cromwell. Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy. The period, which also included the reign of James II (1685–88), was marked by an expansion in colonial trade, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and a revival of drama and literature.

12. Age of Enlightenment/ Age of Reason The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine. The 18th century in Europe was the Age of Enlightenment, and literature explored themes of social upheaval, reversals of personal status, political satire, geographical exploration and the comparison between the supposed natural state of man and the supposed civilized state of man .

13. Romantic Age Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Key points • Interest in the common man and childhood. • Strong senses, emotions, and feelings. • Awe of nature. • Celebration of the individual. • Importance of imagination.

14. Victorian Age The Victorian era spans the 63 years of Queen Victoria’s reign over Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until her death in 1901. It was a time of great power and wealth for Britain as it expanded its empire across the globe. It was also a period of rapid advancement in science, industry and the arts, and saw much political and social reform. Many of these advances have helped to shape the world as we know it today. 

15. Modernism Modernism was essentially based on a utopian vision of human life and society and a belief in progress, or moving forward. It assumed that certain ultimate universal principles or truths such as those formulated by religion or science could be used to understand or explain reality. Individualism Experimentation Absurdity. Symbolism Formalism Multiple Perspectives Free Verse Literacy Devices

16. Thank You No Need to Ask Questions