Unit-2-PIC Microcontroller engineering.pptx

Unit-2-PIC Microcontroller engineering.pptx

1. SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY An Autonomous Institution Coimbatore-35 Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A+’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING III YEAR/ VI SEMESTER 19ECO302 MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION UNIT -II PIC MICROCONTROLLER Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT

2. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER PIC microcontrollers was developed by General Instruments M icroelectronics Divisions in the year 1993. PIC microcontrollers are a family of microcontrollers manufactured by Microchip Technology. The term "PIC" originally stood for "Peripheral Interface Controller," but now it's commonly understood to mean "Programmable Intelligent Computer." These microcontrollers are widely used in various embedded systems applications due to their versatility, low cost, and ease of use.

3. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Characteristics: Architecture: PIC microcontrollers typically employ a Harvard architecture, where program memory and data memory are separate. This allows for simultaneous access to both program instructions and data, which can improve performance in certain applications. Instruction Set: PIC microcontrollers use a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture, which simplifies programming and typically results in more efficient code execution. Memory: PIC microcontrollers usually have on-chip Flash memory for program storage and SRAM for data storage. Some models also include EEPROM for non-volatile data storage.

4. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Characteristics: Peripheral Integration: PIC microcontrollers come with a wide range of integrated peripherals such as timers, UARTs (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), ADCs (Analog-to-Digital Converters), PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) modules, etc. This integration simplifies system design and reduces the need for external components. Low Power Consumption: Many PIC microcontrollers are designed to operate at low power, making them suitable for battery-powered applications. Development Tools: Microchip provides a comprehensive suite of development tools for PIC microcontrollers, including integrated development environments (IDEs), compilers, simulators, and debuggers. These tools facilitate software development, debugging, and testing.

5. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Characteristics: Variety of Models: The PIC microcontroller family encompasses a wide range of models with varying features and capabilities, catering to different application requirements. This includes different memory sizes, clock speeds, peripheral configurations, and package options.

6. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Applications: PIC microcontrollers find applications in various fields, including: Consumer electronics Industrial automation Automotive systems Medical devices Home appliances IoT (Internet of Things) devices Robotics Embedded control systems

7. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

8. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER A flash chip refers to a type of non-volatile memory integrated circuit (IC) that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as USB drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), memory cards, and embedded systems. Flash chips are popular due to their relatively fast access times, high reliability, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness compared to other types of non-volatile memory.

9. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER The PIC microcontroller architecture comprises of CPU, I/O ports, memory organization, A/D converter, timers/counters, interrupts, serial communication, oscillator and CCP module which are discussed in detailed below.

10. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

11. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER CPU (Central Processing Unit) It is not different from other microcontrollers CPU and the PIC microcontroller CPU consists of the ALU, CU, MU and accumulator, etc.  Arithmetic logic unit  is mainly used for arithmetic operations and to take logical decisions. Memory is used for storing the instructions after processing. To control the internal and external peripherals, control unit is used which are connected to the CPU Ac cumulator is used for storing the results and further process.

12. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Memory Organization: The memory module in the  PIC microcontroller  architecture consists of RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory) and STACK.

13. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is an unstable memory which is used to store the data temporarily in its registers. The RAM memory is classified into two banks, and each bank consists of so many registers. The RAM registers are classified into two types: Special Function Registers (SFR) and General Purpose Registers (GPR).

14. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER General Purpose Registers (GPR) These registers are used for general purpose only as the name implies. For example, if we want to multiply two numbers by using the PIC microcontroller. Generally, we use registers for multiplying and storing the numbers in other registers. So these registers don’t have any special function,- CPU can easily access the data in the registers.

15. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Special Function Registers These registers are used for special purposes only as the name SFR implies. These registers will perform according to the functions assigned to them , and they  cannot be used as normal registers. For example, if you cannot use the STATUS register for storing the data, these registers are used for showing the operation or status of the program. So, user cannot change the function of the SFR; the function is given by the retailer at the time of manufacturing.

16. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER The SPI module allows for full-duplex synchronous serial communication(data transmission) between the microcontroller and external devices, such as sensors, memory chips, display controllers, and other microcontrollers. SPI-Serial Peripheral Interface .SPI Block consist of following components SPI Control Registers Data Registers (Tx and Rx) Serial Clock (SCK) Line Master Out Slave In (MOSI) Line Master In Slave Out (MISO) Line Slave Select (SS) Lines (Optional) SPI Interrupts (Optional)

17. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER SPI Control Registers: These registers control the operation and configuration of the SPI module. Data Registers (Tx and Rx): These registers are used for transmitting and receiving data through the SPI module. Serial Clock (SCK) Line: This is the clock signal generated by the microcontroller and used to synchronize data transmission between the microcontroller and external devices. Master Out Slave In (MOSI) Line: This is the data line used for transmitting data from the microcontroller to external devices. The microcontroller drives data onto this line during transmission. Master In Slave Out (MISO) Line: This is the data line used for receiving data from external devices to the microcontroller.

18. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Slave Select (SS) Lines (Optional): These are optional lines used for selecting individual slave devices on the SPI bus when multiple devices are connected. SPI Interrupts (Optional): Some PIC microcontrollers may feature interrupts associated with the SPI module. These interrupts can be used to trigger events in the microcontroller based on the completion of SPI transactions or the detection of specific conditions.

19. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

20. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Read Only Memory (ROM) Read only memory is a stable memory which is used to store the data permanently. In PIC microcontroller architecture, the architecture ROM stores the instructions or program, according to the program the microcontroller acts. The ROM is also called as program memory , wherein the user  will write the program for microcontroller and saves it permanently, and finally the program is executed by the CPU. The microcontrollers performance depends on the instruction, which is executed by the CPU.

21. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) In the normal ROM, we can write the program for only once we cannot use again the microcontroller for multiple times. But, in the EEPROM, we can program the ROM multiple times.

22. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Flash Memory Flash memory is also programmable read only memory (PROM) in which we can read, write and erase the program thousands of times. Generally, the PIC microcontroller uses this type of ROM. It is commonly used in various electronic devices such as USB drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), memory cards, and embedded systems. Flash chips are popular due to their relatively fast access times, high reliability, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness compared to other types of non-volatile memory.

23. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Stack When an interrupt occurs, first the PIC microcontroller has to execute the interrupt and the existing process address. Then that is being executed is stored in the stack. After completing the execution of the interrupt, the microcontroller calls the process with the help of address, which is stored in the stack and get executes the process

24. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER I/O Ports The series of PIC16 consists of five ports such as Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D & Port E. Port A is an 16-bit port that can be used as input or output port based on the status of the TRISA (Tri state port A) register. " TRI-state " refers to the ability of the microcontroller to configure the pins of Port A as either inputs, outputs, or high-impedance states. The TRISA register controls the direction of these pins, determining whether they function as inputs or outputs.

25. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER I/O Ports Port B is an 8- bit port that can be used as both input and output port. Port C is an 8-bit and the input of output operation is decided by the status of the TRISC(Tri state port C) register. Port D is an 8-bit port acts as a slave port for connection to the microprocessor BUS. "8-bit port" means that Port D consists of 8 individual pins or lines, each capable of transmitting or receiving one bit of data simultaneously. "Slave port" implies that Port D is designed to interface with a microprocessor or microcontroller as a peripheral device, rather than being directly controlled by the microprocessor itself. "Connection to the microprocessor bus" indicates that Port D is connected to the data bus of the microprocessor, allowing data transfer between the microprocessor and external devices.

26. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER I/O Ports Port E is a 3-bit port which serves the additional function of the control signals to the analog to digital converter. 3-bit port : Port E consists of 3 individual pins or lines, each capable of transmitting or receiving one bit of data simultaneously. These pins can be used for general-purpose digital I/O operations. Control signals to the analog -to-digital converter (ADC) : In addition to its role in general-purpose I/O, Port E is utilized to send control signals to the ADC module. These control signals may include commands to start conversion, select input channels, configure reference voltage, or other parameters related to the ADC operation.

27. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER BUS BUS is used to transfer and receive the data from one peripheral to another. It is classified into two types such as data bus and address. Data Bus:  It is used for only transfer or receive the data. Address Bus:  Address bus is used to transmit the memory address from the peripherals to the CPU. I/O pins are used to interface the external peripherals; UART and USART both are serial communication protocols which are used for interfacing serial devices like GSM, GPS, Bluetooth, IR , etc.

28. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

29. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER A/D converters The main intention of this analog to digital converter is to convert analog voltage values to digital voltage values. A/D module of PIC microcontroller consists of 5 inputs for 28 pin devices and 8 inputs for 40 pin devices. The operation of the analog to digital converter is controlled by ADCON0 and ADCON1 special registers. The upper bits of the converter are stored in register ADRESH and lower bits of the converter are stored in register ADRESL. For this operation, it requires 5V of an analog reference voltage.

30. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER A/D converters The main intention of this analog to digital converter is to convert analog voltage values to digital voltage values. A/D module of PIC microcontroller consists of 5 inputs for 28 pin devices and 8 inputs for 40 pin devices. The operation of the analog to digital converter is controlled by ADCON0 and ADCON1 special registers. The upper bits of the converter are stored in register ADRESH and lower bits of the converter are stored in register ADRESL. For this operation, it requires 5V of an analog reference voltage.

31. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

32. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Timers/ Counters PIC microcontroller has four timer/counters wherein the one 8-bit timer and the remaining timers have the choice to select 8 or 16-bit mode. Timers are used for generating accuracy actions, for example, creating specific time delays between two operations .

33. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Interrupts PIC microcontroller consists of 20 internal interrupts and three external interrupt sources which are associated with different peripherals like ADC, USART, Timers, and so on.

34. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Serial Communication Serial communication is the method of  transferring data one bit at a time sequentially over a  communication  channel. USART:  The name USART stands for Universal synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter which is a serial communication for two protocols. It is used for transmitting and receiving the data bit by bit over a single wire with respect to clock pulses. The PIC microcontroller has two pins TXD and RXD. These pins are used for transmitting and receiving the data serially.

35. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER USART has following registers, USART Control Registers Transmit Data Register (TXREG) Receive Data Register (RCREG) Baud Rate Generator Transmit Shift Register Receive Shift Register USART Pins (TX and RX)( connect external device ) USART Interrupts

36. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER SPI Protocol:   The term SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. This protocol is used to send data between PIC microcontroller and other peripherals such as SD cards,  sensors  and shift registers. PIC microcontroller support three wire SPI communications between two devices on a common clock source. The data rate of SPI protocol is more than that of the USART.

37. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER I2C Protocol:    The term I2C stands for Inter Integrated Circuit , and it is a serial protocol which is used to connect low speed devices such as EEPROMS, microcontrollers, A/D converters, etc . PIC microcontroller support two wire Interface or I2C communication between two devices which can work as both Master and Slave device.

38. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER Oscillators Oscillators are used for timing generation Pic microcontroller consist of external oscillators like RC oscillators or crystal oscillators. Where the crystal oscillator is connected between the two oscillator pins. The value of the capacitor is connected to every pin that decides the mode of the operation of the oscillator. The modes are crystal mode, high-speed mode and the low-power mode. In case of RC oscillators, the value of the resistor & capacitor determine the clock frequency and the range of clock frequency is 30KHz to 4MHz

39. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT P IC MICROCONTROLLER

40. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT Advantages of PIC Microcontroller PIC microcontrollers are consistent and faulty of PIC percentage is very less. The performance of the PIC microcontroller is very fast because of using RISC architecture. When comparing to other microcontrollers, power consumption is very less and programming is also very easy. Interfacing of an analog device is easy without any extra circuitry

41. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT Disadvantages of PIC Microcontroller: The length of the program is high due to using RISC architecture (35 instructions) One single accumulator is present and program memory is not accessible

42. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement The main intention of this project is to detect the movement of vehicles on highways to switch on a block of street lights ahead of it, and also switch off the trailing lights to conserve energy. In this project, a PIC microcontroller is done by using embedded C

43. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement

44. . Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement The power supply gives the power to the total circuit by stepping down, rectifying, filtering and regulating AC mains supply. When there are no vehicles on highway, then all lights will turn OFF so that the power  can be conserved. The  IR sensors  are placed on the road to sense the vehicle movement. When there are vehicles on highway, then the IR sensor senses the vehicle movement immediately, it sends the commands to the PIC microcontroller to switch ON/OFF the LEDs. A bunch of LEDS will be turned on when a vehicle come near to the sensor and once the vehicle passes away from the sensor the intensity will become lower than the LEDs will turn OFF

45. THANK YOU Introduction /19 ECO302 – MICROCONTROLLERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION /J.Prabakaran/ECE/SNSCT