Unit -2.pptx BASIC CIIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

1. Unit -2

2. Foundation It is the part of the structure which transfers the load from the super structure to the soil. The size and shape of the foundation depends on the type of structure and nature of soil which the structure rests ultimately.

3. Functions Distribution of load Minimization of differential settlement Safety against sliding and overturning Safety against undermining Provisions for leveled surface

4. Loads in Foundation Dead Load Live Load Wind Load Bearing Capacity of soil The ability of the soil to bear the load from the super structure is known as Bearing Capacity of soil Improve the Bearing Capacity of soil By increasing the depth of foundations By Draining the Sub soil water By Compacting the soil By Chemical treatment

5. Types  of Foundation   Foundation may be broadly classified, 1. Shallow Foundation When the depth of the foundation is less than or equal to its width, it is defined as shallow foundation. 2. Deep Foundation The depth of the foundation is larger compared to the width , it is know as deep foundation

6. Shallow Foundation Isolated Column Footing Wall Footing Combined Footing Cantilever Footing Continuous Footing Inverted Footing Grillage Foundation Raft or Mat Foundation Stepped Foundation

7. Isolated Column Footing Wall Footing

8. Combined Footing

9. Cantilever Footing

10. Continuous footing

11. Grillage Foundation

12. Inverted Arch Footing

13. Raft or Mat Foundation

14. Steeped Foundations

15. Deep Foundation Pile foundation Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile cap (a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams, while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap . Heave loading Top soil is of expansive nature Structure is sensitive to unequal settlement

16. Pile Foundation

17. Pier foundation It is used in the area where is difficult to install pile foundation . Piers are Larger diameter column or shaft , with or without base at bottom installed by placing concrete in suit after excavating or drilling deep hole into the ground. Caissons or Well foundation : Caissons means a box like structure round or rectangular which is sunk from the surface of either land or water to some desired depth. The well is constructed and brought to the site and then slowly driven into the soil.

18. Classification of Pile foundation Based on the function or use Ends Bearing Piles Compacting Piles Friction piles Sheet piles Batter piles Under Ream Piles Based on the materials and compositions Concrete Piles Timber Piles Steel Piles Composite Piled

19. Ends Bearing Piles Friction piles

20. Compacting Piles Sheet piles

21. Batter Piles Under Ream Piles

22. Steel Piles

23. Composite Piles

24. Super structure Masonry It is defined as the construction of building units bonded togther with mortar. Types Brick Masonry Brick units bonded together with mortar is know as Brick Masonry Stone Masonry Stone units bonded together with mortar is know as Stone Masonry

25. Brick Masonry Brick Traditional Bricks Modular Bricks Mortar Lime Mortar Cement Mortar

26. Brick Masonry Header Stretcher Course Header Course Stretcher Course Bed Closer Queen Closer King Closer Lap Prepend Bar Quoin Frog

27. Brick Masonry

28. Stone Masonry Rubble Random Rubble Masonry Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry Coursed Random Rubble Masonry Square Rubble Masonry Poly Rubble Masonry Flint Rubble Masonry Dry Rubble Masonry Ashlar Masonry Ashlar Fine Ashlar Rough Tooled Ashlar Rock or Quarry Faced Ashlar Chamferer

29. Stone Masonry

30. Ashlar Stone Masonry Ashlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone. Ashlar blocks are large rectangular blocks of masonry sculpted to have square edges and even faces. The blocks are generally 13 to 15 inches in height. When smaller than 11 inches, they are usually called “small ashlar”. Ashlar blocks are used in the construction of many old buildings as an alternative to brick . Generally the external face is smooth or polished; occasionally it can be decorated by small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb .

31. Rubble Stone Masonry

32. Bonding It is the method of arranging the bricks in courses in order to tie them together in a mass of bricks work Rules Should be uniform size use of Brick bats should be minimum The lap should be ¼ th of the brick Types Stretcher Header English Flemish

33. Bonding types Stretcher Header

34. Bonding types English Flemish