Unit- 2 Tablet industrial pharmacy. pdf.

It is the PPT of pharmacy sem 5 industry pharmacy 1 of unit 2 tablets

1. TABLETS Industrial Pharmacy-I

2. Disadvantages Difficult to swallow in case Of children and unconscious patients. Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low density character. Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution properties, may be difficult to formulate or manufacture as a tablet that will still provide adequate or full drug bioavailability. Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an objectionable Odor or drugs that are sensitive to oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In such cases, capsule may Offer the best and lowest cost .

3. I. According to drug release rate from the tablet (USP classification): a- Immediate-release tablet: The tablet is intended to be released rapidly after administration, or the tablet is dissolved and administered as solution. It is the most common type and includes 1- Disintegrating tablet (conventional or plain tablet) 2- Chewable tablets 3- Effervescent tablets 4- Sublingual and Buccal tablets 5- Lozenges 6- Soluble tablets b- Modified-release tablet: They have release features based on; time, course or location. -They should normally be swallowed intact. -Different excipients than immediate release tablets. -The drug is released from an extended-release tablet slowly at a nearly constant rate.

4. Delayed-release tablets The drug is liberated from the tablet some time after administration. After this period has elapsed, the release is normally rapid. e.g. Enteric tablet, for which the drug is released in the upper part of the small intestine after the preparation has passed the stomach. Multiple compressed tablets - Tablet within a tablets: core and shell - Multilayer tablet

5. Immediate-release tablet: 1- Disintegrating tablet (conventional or plain tablet) - Disintegrating tablet is the most common type of tablets that is intended to be swallowed and to release the drug in a relatively short time thereafter, by disintegration and dissolution (fast and complete drug release in vivo). - It includes normally the following type of excipients; filler (with low dose drug), disintegrant, binder, glidant, lubricant and antiadherent. - Tablet disintegration may be affected by; 1- Choice of the excipients. 2- Production conditions during manufacture. - Conventional tablet may be single layer or multilayer. Multilayer tablets are prepared by repeated compression of powders and are made primarily to separate incompatible drugs from each other. Bilayer tablets

6. Steps of drug release from disintegrating tablets

7. 2- Chewable tablets Chewable tablets are to be chewed and thus mechanically disintegrated in the mouth, so NO DISINTEGRANT IS INCLUDED IN ITS COMPOSITION. Flavoring, sweetening and coloring agents are important. Sorbitol and mannitol are common examples of fillers in chewable tablets, (mannitol has negative heat of solution which results in cooling effect and also has sweetening action) Advantages of chewable tablets: - Provide quick and complete disintegration of the tablet and thus obtain a rapid drug effect after swallowing and dissolution. - Easy administration, especially for infants and elderly people. - Could be administered when water is not available. Examples for chewable tablets are; - Chewable Aspirin tablets (for children in the treatment of rheumatoid and to prevent clot formations in adults) -Chewable Antacid tablets

8. 3- Effervescent tablets: Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets generally containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates which react rapidly in the presence of water to release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before administration during which CO2 is liberated. This facilitates tablet disintegration and drug dissolution; the tablet disintegration should be complete within few minutes. (Effervescence is a special mechanism for disintegration) CO2 is created by the reaction between carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid such as citric acid or tartaric acid.

9. Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before administration, during which carbon dioxide is liberated. facilitates tablet disintegration and drug dissolution; the dissolution of the tablet should be complete within a few minutes .

10. Uses of effervescent tablets: 1. Rapid drug action, e.g. analgesic drugs . 2. Facilitate the intake of the drug, e.g. vitamins. After Dissolution of tablets buffered water solution will be obtained Temporarily increases the pH of the stomach Rapid emptying of the stomach and shortening the residence time Drug-induced gastric irritation can be avoided (short residence time) e.g. aspirin tablets fast drug bioavailability (As drugs are absorbed more effectively in the small intestine than in the stomach) e.g. analgesics As absorption of aspirin in the stomach can cause irritation

11. Advantages of effervescent tablets: 1. To obtain rapid drug action, for example analgesics and antacids. 2. To facilitate drug intake, for example vitamins. 3. They are convenient, easy to use, premeasured dosage form as compared with the powdered dosage forms. 4. They cannot spill as the powdered preparations can. 5. They can be individually packaged to exclude moisture, thereby avoiding the problem of product instability of the unused contents during storage. Effervescent tablets often include a flavor and a colorant. Effervescent tablets are prepared by direct compression or dry granulation. Effervescent tablets should be protected from moisture, so that a special package is needed; each tablet is completely covered with aluminum foil and kept in a water-proof container, often including a desiccant. Effervescent tablets may be packed in blister packs. Effervescent tablets package

12. Effervescent tablets usually contain Carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid such as citric or tartaric The amount of sodium bicarbonate in an effervescent tablet is often quit high (about 1 gram) Flavor and a colourant Binder and disintegrant are normally not included in the composition A water-soluble lubricant is preferable in order to avoid a film of hydrophobic lubricant on the surface of the water after tablet dissolution

13. 4- Sublingual and Buccal tablets:  They are used for drug release in mouth followed by systemic uptake of the drug.  A rapid systemic drug effect can thus be obtained without first-pass liver metabolism, because the drug diffuses into the blood, directly through tissues under the tongue in case of sublingual tablets and through oral mucosa in case of buccal tablets.  They are often small and porous, the latter facilitating fast disintegration and drug release.

14. Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue. Ex. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablet ; it exerts its action within two minutes for rapid relief of "Angina pectoris" attack, because the sublingual area is rich in blood supply. Nitroglycerine suffers from first-pass metabolism if taken orally. Also other cardiovascular drug, barbiturates, and vitamins are prepared as sublingual tablet dosage form .

15. 1) Rapid absorption 2) Dose reduction 3) Fast onset of action 4) Increase B.A. 5) Reduction in side effects 6) Suitable in disease like nausea, vomiting 7) Not required water Advantages 21 /20

16. Disadvantage 1) High dose can not be administered 2) Less area is available for absorption 3) Not suitable for bitter and irritating drugs 4) Less patient compliance 5) No eating, Drinking and smoking is allowed 6) Highly ionic drugs can not be administered 22 /20

17. Buccal tablets are small, flat, and oval shaped dosage form and unlike conventional tablets allow for drinking and speaking without major discomfort. They soften, adhere to the mucosa and are retained in position until dissolution and/or release is complete Can be used for both local and systemic drug delivery 23 Buccal Tablets

18. Buccal tablets are placed in the side of the cheek for absorption through oral mucosa. Buccal tablets may be also prepared for their local application.

19. 5-Lozenges They are tablets that dissolve slowly in the mouth and so release the drug dissolved in the saliva. Lozenges may be used for; - Local medication for mouth or throat, e.g. local anesthetics, antiseptics and antibiotics. - Systemic drug uptake. Compressed lozenges: are made by using tablet machine with large and flat punches, with high pressure is applied to produce hard tablets, so that they dissolve slowly in mouth. Bradoral® compressed loyenges for treatment of sore throat

20. NO DISINTEGRANT IS INCLUDED IN COMPRESSED LOZENGES COMPOSITION Other additives (binder and filler) must have pleasant taste or feeling during dissolution. High concentration of fillers which are mainly sugars as glucose, sorbitol or mannitol. High concentration of binder is used. Common binder used in compressed lozenges is gelatin.

21. 6- Soluble tablets Soluble tablets are uncoated or film-coated tablets. They are intended to be dissolved in water before administration. The solution produced may be slightly opalescent due to the added excipients used in the manufacture of tablets.

22. Orally disintegrating tablets are defined as solid oral preparations that disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity with an in vitro disintegration time of less than 30 seconds, according to FDA guidelines (guidance for industry; 2008). 7-ODT

23. Tablet Additives 1) Diluent 2) Binders and adhesive 3) Disintegrants 4)Lubricants and glidants 5)Coloring Agents 6) Flavouring agents 7)Sweetening agents

24. Evaluation of Tablets 1.General Appearance: T he general appearance of a tablet, its identity and general elegance is essential for consumer acceptance, for control Of lot-to-lot uniformity and tabletto-tablet uniformity. The control of general appearance involves the measurement of size, shape, color, presence or absence of odor, taste etc. 2.Size & Shape: It can be dimensionally described & controlled. The thickness Of a tablet is only variables. Tablet thickness can be measured by micrometer or by other device. Tablet thickness should be controlled within a ± 5% variation of standard value.

25. 3.Unique identification marking : These marking utilize some form of embossing, engraving or printing. These markings include company name or symbol, product code, product name etc. 4. Organoleptic properties: Color distribution must be uniform with no mottling. For visual color comparison compare the color of sample against standard color. 5. Hardness : Tablet requires a certain amount of strength or hardness and resistance to friability to withstand mechanical shocks of handling in manufacture, packaging and shipping. Hardness generally measures the tablet crushing strength

26. II) Content Uniformity Test: Randomly select 30 tablets. 10 Of these assayed individually. The Tablet pass the test. 9 Of the 10 tablets must contain not less than 85% and not more than 115% Of the labeled drug content and the 10 th tablet may not contain less than 75% and more than 125% of the labeled content. If these conditions are not met, remaining 20 tablet assayed individually and none may fall out side of the 85 to 115% range.

27. Capping & Lamination: Complete or partial loss of top and bottom crowns of a tablet from the main body is called capping.

28. The separation of a tablet into two or more distinct layers is called lamination. Chipping: Chipping is defined as the breaking of tablet edges during ejection of tablet from the press or handling and coating process. Cracking : Small,fine cracks observed on the upper and lower central surface of tablets.

29. S ticking : Refers to the tablet material adhering to the die wall. Picking: The term used when a small amount of material from a tablet is sticking to and being removed off from the tablet-surface by a punch face. Binding : In the die,is the term used when the tablets sticks,seize or tear in the die. Mottling : It is an unequal distribution of colors on a tablet with light and dark areas on tablet surface.