Unit-3.-Child-Rearing-Practices.pptx

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1. Unit 3 Child Rearing practices: Concept and terminology.

2. Child rearing is a process. It involves planning, formulating, and implementing a programme of bringing up children in a certain way that is in line with the requirement of the family and society. Thus through the process of rewards and punishment the child rearing practices inculcate in children the required appropriate behaviours and conduct that are in line with the social norms and family norms.

3. MODELS OF PARENTING. -According to the Indian view of child development, the notion of Samskara is unique of both innate nature of the individual and the time dimension in development, where in an individual’s actions and thoughts are believed to carry over their effects across lives ( Kakar , 1999).

4. There are in all 16 sanskaras in the Hindu scripture which are to be followed while bringing up children. It starts with the time of conception to the time of death.

5. • Pre-natal Samskaras 1) Garbhadan (Conception) 2) Pumsavana (Engendering a male issue) 3) Simantonayana (Hair-parting) • Childhood Samskaras 4) Jatakarma (Birth rituals) 5) Namakarana ( Barso /Name-giving) 6) Nishkrama (First outing) 7) Annaprashana ( Dantolyo / First feeding) 8 ) Chudakarma ( javal kadche /Shaving of head) 9) Karnavedh (Kan topap / Piercing the earlobes)

6. • Educational Samskaras 10) Vidyarambha (Learning the alphabet) 11) Upanayana ( Munj /Sacred thread initiation) 12) Vedarambha (Beginning Vedic study) 13) Keshant ( Godaan ) (Shaving the beard) 14) Samavartan ( Sodmunj / End of studentship) • Marriage Samskara 15) Vivaha ( Lagna / Marriage Ceremony) • Death Samskara 16) Antyeshti ( Maran Saouskar / Death rites)

7. THE INTERACTIVE MODEL -The interactive model of socialization effectively illustrates the Indian perspective of child development, that is the child is born with innate predispositions “ samskaras ” and the family must nurture the child such that his potential is actualized. The traditional child rearing practices are guided by the principle of child centeredness, with mother as the primary socialize and father as the provider and disciplinarian. -The early infancy/childhood is characterized by “ palna and posna ”, that is protecting and nurturing.

8. TRAIT MODEL (HOLDEN AND MILLER, 1999) -The most prominent is the trait model of parenting which postulates stable, recurrent enduring pattern of behaviour embodied by parents consistent across time, situations and children as the essence of parenting.

9. CHILD EFFECT MODEL (BELL, 1986) -In contrast to trait model of parenting is the child effect model of parenting. This model conceptualizes child rearing as determined by characteristics of the child, such as temperament, age, gender, behaviour , appearance and activity level. This model was criticized for its one sided perspective of parent child dynamics.

10. PROCESS MODEL (BELSKY, 1984) -His model focused on factors affecting parental behaviour and how such factors affect child-rearing, which in turn influences child development. At the family level, Belsky’s interest is primarily on interpersonal interactions between parent and child .

11. The model of parenting contains three domains of determinants: 1) the personal psychological resources of the parents ; 2) the characteristics of the child; and 3) contextual sources of stress and support, that include the marital relations, the social networks, and the occupational experiences of parents.

12. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL (SAMEROFF, 1975) This model highlights the bidirectional reciprocal influences of both parents and children in parenting and child development . CONTEXTUAL MODEL (DARLING AND STEINBERG, 1933) In this model Parenting style is viewed as a context that facilitates or undermines parent’s efforts to socialize their children .

13. -To understand the processes through which parenting style influences child development, one must disentangle three different aspects of parenting, that is, i ) the goals towards which socialization is directed , ii ) the parenting practices used by parents to help children reach those goals , iii ) the parenting style or emotional climate within which socialization occurs.

14. PARENTING STYLE The parenting style is the most useful concept that moderates the effectiveness of the child rearing practices It changes the child’s openness to socialization. Darling and Steinberg (1993) are of the view that parenting style and parenting practices are the mechanisms through which parents directly help their child attain their socialization goals.

15. -Thus the models of parenting identified three characteristics of parents that determine the processes through which parenting style influences child development. These were: i ) values and goals parents have in socializing children ii) parenting practices employed by them Iii) attitudes that they express towards their children.

16. CHILD REARING is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a  child  from infancy to adulthood.

17. PARENTING DIMENSIONS: DISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES WARMTH AND NURTURANCE COMMUNICATION STYLES EXPECTATIONS OF MATURITY AND CONTROL.

18. TYPES OF PARENTING STYLES

19. AUTHORITARIAN STYLE -IS ALSO CALLED A “STRICT PARENTING”, THE STYLE OF PARENTING IS CHARACTERISED BY HIGH EXPECTATIONS OF CONFORMITY AND COMPLIANCE TO PARENTAL RULES AND DIRECTION.

20. AUTHORITATIVE STYLE AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING STYLE ESTABLISH RULES AND GUIDELINES THAT THEIR CHILDREN ARE EXPECTED TO FOLLOW. HOWEVER, THIS PARENTING STYLE IS MUCH MORE DEMOCRATIC. AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING CAN BE ALSO CALLED BALANCED PARENTING, IS CHARACTERISED BY A CHILD-CENTERED APPROACH THAT HOLDS HIGH EXPECTATION OF MATURITY.

21. PERMISSIVE STYLE is a type of  parenting  style characterized by low demands with high responsiveness.  Permissive  parents tend to be very loving, yet provide few guidelines and rules. These parents do not expect mature behavior from their children and often seem more like a friend than a  parental  figure.

22. UNINVOLVED STYLE AN UNINVOLVED PARENTING STYLE IS CHARACTERISED BY FEW DEMANDS, LOW RESPONSIVENESS AND LITTLE COMMUNICATION. ALSO CALLED NEGLECTFUL PARENTING. THE PARENTS ARE LOW IN WARMTH AND CONTROL.

23. THE IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLES 1. AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING STYLES LEND TO RESULT IN CHILDREN WHO ARE HAPPY, CAPABLE AND SUCCESSFUL. 2. PERMISSIVE PARENTING OFTEN RESULTS IN CHILDREN WHO RANK LOW IN HAPPINESS AND SELF-REGULATION.THESE CHILDREN ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE PROBLEMS WITH AUTHORITY AND TEND TO PERFORM POORLY IN SCHOOL.

24. UNINVOLVED PARENTING STYLES RANK LOWEST ACROSS ALL LIFE DOMAINS. THESE CHILDREN TEND TO LACK SELF-CONTROL, HAVE LOW SELF-ESTEEM AND ARE LESS COMPETENT THAN THEIR PEERS.

25. THE REASONS OF DIFFERING PARENTING STYLES

26. THERE ARE SOME POTENTIALS CAUSES THESE DIFFERENCES INCLUDE CULTURE, PERSONALITY, FAMILY SIZE, PARENTAL BACKGROUND, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND RELIGION. THE PARENTING STYLES OF INDIVIDUAL PARENTS ALSO COMBINE TO CREATE A UNIQUE BLEND IN EACH AND EVERY FAMILY.

27. THE AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING STYLE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE HEALTHIEST AND MOST BALANCE APPROACH TO PARENTING. AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS SET AND ENFORCE LIMITS, BUT THEY DO SO TO PROTECT THEIR CHILDREN.

28. AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS CREATE BALANCE BETWEEN AUTHORITARIAN AND PERMISSIVE PARENTING STYLES. THEREFORE, IT’S IMPORTANT FOR PARENTS TO PICK A PARENTING STYLE THAT BEST FITS HOW THEY WOULD LIKE THEIR CHILD TO BEHAVE NOW, AND LATER WHEN THEY BECOME AN ADULT.