Unit-3-Philosophy-PPT. pptx 2023-2024

its about philosophy

1. UNIT # 3: The Value of Human Knowledge

2. In an evolutionary perspective, why are human beings considered to be the apex predators of all?

3. Lesson # 1 : Questioning Truth and Knowledge

4. In the study of Philosophy, the branch that inquires about the features, extent and limitations of human knowledge is called Epistemology . It originated from two Greek words, episteme which means ‘knowledge ’, and logos which means ‘study’ or ‘discourse’.

5. I n Epistemology , we talk about three types of knowledge :

6. Personal Knowledge : This is what we learn from our own experiences.

7. Practical Knowledge : This is about skills we can practice.

8. Propositional Knowledge : This is when someone makes a claim that something is true.

9. In these 3 types of knowledge what do you think is the focus of epistemology? Why?

10. There are three main criteria that must be met for a certain proposition or claim to be considered as ‘knowledge’.

11. Belief : This is about truly believing in what you’re saying. If you say, “I believe It will rain today”, you really think it’s true. 

12. Truth : This means what you’re saying must match with reality. If it’s raining outside and you say, “It’s raining”, then that’s true.

13. Justification : Think of this like backing up your claim with proof or reasons. It’s like saying “I know it’s going to rain because I saw the weather forecast.

14. Lesson 2: Our Logical Investigations

15. Logic is a part of philosophy that deals with the human mind. It was first studied by Aristotle , who is known as the “Father of Logic”. He saw logic as a tool that our mind uses to find the truth. According to him, we should accept ideas based on reason and logic, not because of authority, power, or pity. An idea should be accepted if it is logical, true, and makes sense.

16. Suppose you’re invited to a party. You’re trying to decide whether to go or not. Here’s how you might use logic: Premise 1 : If the party is far away, you won’t go because it’s too much hassle. Premise 2 : The party is just around the corner from your house. Conclusion : You will go to the party because it’s not far away. EXAMPLE OF LOGIC

17. The process of Aristotelian logic revolves around three step-by-step mental operations.

18. The First is Simple Apprehension This is the process of understanding a concept or an idea. It’s about grasping what something is.

19. The Second is Judgment This is about forming a mental affirmation or denial of something. It’s when you decide about the truth of a statement.

20. The Third and last is Reasoning This is the process of drawing conclusions from other information. It involves connecting judgments to arrive at a new judgment.

21. It is usually composed of three Propositions that contain a central topic which is called a Syllogism. A syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning that consist of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. It’s a three-part logical argument where two premises are combined to arrive at a conclusion .

22. Major Premise : A general statement or rule. For example, “All dogs bark.” Minor Premise : A specific example that fits the rule. For example, “Fido is a dog.” Conclusion : What you figure out from the first two parts. For example, “So, Fido barks.” EXAMPLE OF SYLLOGISM

23. Lesson 3: Wisdom Towards Knowledge

24. Aristotle ranked all creatures on Earth in a hierarchy. According to him, minerals are at the bottom because they don’t have any form of life.

25. VEGETATIVE STATE OR PLANTS Plants : At the base of the hierarchy, plants have a vegetative or nutritive soul, which includes the abilities for growth, nutrition, and reproduction.

26. SENTIENT BEING OR ANIMALS Animals : Animals are above plants because they have additional capabilities. They have a sensitive soul, which includes perception and locomotion.  Every animal has at least one sense-faculty, with touch being the most basic.

27. RATIONAL BEING OR HUMANS Humans : Humans are at the top of the hierarchy.  What sets humans apart is our rational soul, which includes the ability to think and reason

28. “The Problems of Philosophy” by Bertrand Russel E mphasizes philosophy is a tool for personal growth and critical thinking . He argues that philosophy’s goal is knowledge , and its value lies in the process of questioning, which can lead to uncertainty but opens new perspectives. For Russell, the act of questioning stimulates creativity, enriches our intellect, and enhances our understanding and appreciation of the world .

29. Lesson 4: Fallacies: Why and Where?

30. In logic, fallacies refer to errors or mistakes in reasoning. The term originates from the Latin word ‘faller’, meaning ‘deception’ or ‘false’, indicating that fallacies represent false reasoning. However, it’s important to note that if an argument contains a fallacy, it doesn’t automatically make the conclusion false .

31. EXAMPLE OF A FALLACY Premise 1: Everything natural is good for the body. Premise 2: Vegetable are natural. Conclusion: Therefore, vegetables are good for the body.

32. The 3 generally-accepted fallacies are classified into three: Irrelevance, Presumption, and Ambiguity.

33. FALLACIES OF IRRELEVANCE These are fallacies where the arguments are irrelevant or not connected to the conclusion.

34. FALLACIES OF IRRELEVANCE Argumentum ad Hominem or Attacking a Person Prince : I believe logic is an extremely important and useful subject. King: That is because you’re just an idiot, Prince.

35. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION A type of logical fallacy where the argument is based on at least one faulty or unprovable assumption. These fallacies occur when the premises do not provide independent evidence for the conclusion.

36. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION Slippery Slope Fallacy If you don’t study, you fail your exam. If you fail your exam, you get bad grades. If you have bad grades , your parents will be disappointed. If your parents are disappointed, you get depressed. You get depressed, you quit school.

37. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY OR FALLACIES OF LANGUAGE Fallacies of Ambiguity are a type of logical fallacy where the argument is based on ambiguous language, leading to a confusion of two or more different senses

38. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY OR FALLACIES OF LANGUAGE Fallacies of Amphiboly “Prince told King that he had made a mistake.”

39. Lesson 5: Fallacies: The Examples

40. Let’s start with the Fallacies of Irrelevance: Argumentum ad Hominem, Argumentum ad Baculum, Argumentum ad Ignorantiam, Argumentum ad Misericordiam, and Tu Quoque Fallacy.

41. Argumentum ad Hominem or Attacking a Person Prince : I believe logic is an extremely important and useful subject. King: That is because you’re just an idiot, Prince.

42. Argumentum ad Baculum or Appeal to the Stick “You should agree with my proposal. Remember, I’m your boss.”

43. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam or Appeal to Ignorance “No one has been able to disprove the existence of aliens, so they must exist.”

44. Argumentum ad Misericordiam or Appeal to Misery “You should give me an extension on the paper. I’ve been sick.”

45. Tu Quoque Fallacy or Appeal to Hypocrisy Prince: “You shouldn’t smoke. It’s bad for your health.” King : “But you smoke too!”

46. Let us proceed to examples of Fallacies of Presumption: Fallacies of Composition/Division, Fallacy of Complex Question, Slippery Slope Fallacy, False Cause Fallacy.

47. Fallacies of Composition/Division Composition: "Each part of this machine is light.  Therefore, the machine is light.“ Division: "This machine is heavy.  Therefore, each part of this machine is heavy.

48. Fallacy of Complex Question Prince: King, how many bottles of rum did you finish last night?

49. Slippery Slope Fallacy If you don’t study, you fail your exam. If you fail your exam, you get bad grades. If you have bad grades , your parents will be disappointed. If your parents are disappointed, you get depressed. You get depressed, you quit school.

50. False Cause Fallacy Violent Video Games cause violence in kids. 

51. Let’s proceed, then, to Fallacies of Ambiguity: Fallacy of Equivocation, Fallacy of Amphiboly, and Fallacy of Accent.

52. Fallacy of Equivocation "Cats are wonderful pets. Tigers are considered big cats.  Hence, tigers are wonderful pets."

53. Fallacies of Amphiboly “Prince told King that he had made a mistake.”

54. Fallacies of Accent “I didn’t say you stole my red hat.”

55. That’s all for our report! Thank you for listening!