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1. Explain the Lyytinen- Mathiassen - Ropponen Risk Framework Project risks are risks that could prevent the achievement of the objectives given to the project manager and the project team. These objectives are formulated toward achieving project success. Project success factors are : On time, within budget and required functionality, Quality. Project risks can be classified under these four categories. 1. Actors : Refers to all people involved in the development of the application. Risk : A high staff turnover, leads to expertise of value to the project being lost. 2. Technology : Encompasses both the technology used to implement the application and that embedded in the delivered products. Risk : Relating to the appropriateness of the technology and the possible faults in it. 3. Structure : describes the management structures and systems, including those affecting planning and control. Risk : Responsibility for managing the users involvement at the implementation stage might not be clearly allocated. 4. Tasks : relates to the work planned. Risk : The complexity of work might lead to delays because of the additional time required integrate the large number of components. Example : Between technology and people, If the development technology is novel, and the developers are not experience in its use, then this could lead to delay of the results.

2. Explain Boehm’s top ten software project risks and the different strategies for reducing it. Top-Ten List of Software Risk Items : Personnel shortfalls Unrealistic schedules and budgets Developing the wrong software functions Developing the wrong user interface Gold plating Continuing stream of requirement changes Shortfalls in externally furnished components Shortfalls in externally performed tasks Real-time performance shortfalls Straining computer-science capabilities

3. Explain the seven categories of resources Labour Equipment Materials Space Services Time Money

4. What are the different factors which need to be considered while allocating tasks to individuals? Availability : To determine whether a particular individual will be available when required. Criticality : It means allocation of more experienced personnel to activities on the critical path which often helps in shortening project durations or at least reduces the risk of overrun. Risk : It is important to identify those activities posing greatest risk and knowing the factors influencing them, helps to allocate staff. Allocating the most experienced staff to the highest risk activities is likely to have a great effect in reducing project uncertainties. Training : It will benefit the organization if positive steps are taken to allocate junior staff to appropriate non - critical activities where there will be sufficient slack for them to train and develop skills. There can be direct benefits to a particular project since some costs may be allocated to the training budget. Team Building : The selection of individuals must also take into account the final shape of the project team and the way they will work together.

5. What are the different categories of costs? Calculating cost is straightforward where the organization has standard cost figures for staff and other resources. The project manager will have to calculate the following costs : Staff costs : These will include staff salaries as well as other contributions like security funds, pension scheme, holiday pay and sickness benefits. These are commonly charged to projects at hourly rates based on weekly work records completed by staff. Overheads : Overheads represent expenditure that an organization incurs, which cannot be directly related to individual jobs including space rental, interest changes and the cost of service departments such as human resources. Usage charges : In some organizations, projects are charged directly for use of resources such as computer time. some charges can be on a ‘pay as you go’ basis e.g. telephone charges, postage, car mileage - at the planning stage an estimate of these may have to be made.

6. What is resource smoothing? Explain two different ways of prioritizing activities for resource allocation. Resource smoothing is a technique that adjusts the activities of a schedule model such that the requirements for resources on the project do not exceed certain predefined resource limits. There are two main ways of prioritizing activities: Total float priority – those with the smallest float have the highest priority Ordered list priority – this takes account of the duration of the activity as well as the float. Burman’s priority list give priority to: Shortest critical activities (b) Other critical activities (c) Shortest non-critical activities (d) Non-critical activities with least float (e) Non-critical activities