UNIT-4 Disastersasdfkjasldkfjlkjasdfdfdf

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6. ASSIGNMENT ON CURSE OF INCREASING POPULATION
WOMAN AND CHILD WELFARE

7. Disasterisasudden,calamitouseventbringinggreatdamage,loss,destructionand
devastationtolifeandproperty.Thedamagecausedbydisasterisimmeasurableandvaries
withthegeographicallocation,climateandthetypeoftheearthsurface.Thisinfluences
themental,socio-economic,politicalandculturalstateoftheaffectedarea.Generally,
disasterhasthefollowingeffectsintheconcernedareas,
1.Itcompletelydisruptsthenormaldaytodaylife
2.Itnegativelyinfluencestheemergencysystems
3.Normalneedsandprocesseslikefood,shelter,health,etc.areaffectedand
deterioratedependingontheintensityandseverityofthedisaster.
Itmayalsobetermedas“aseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofsociety,causing
widespreadhuman,materialorenvironmentallosseswhichexceedtheabilityofthe
affectedsocietytocopeusingitsownresources.”

10. TypesofDisaster
Earthquake
Volcaniceruption
Tsunami
Tropicalcyclone(typhoon,hurricane)
Flood
Landslide
Bushfire(orwildfire)
Drought
Epidemic
Majoraccident
Civilunrest

11. GeneralEffectsof
Disaster
Lossoflife
Injury
Damagetoanddestructionofthe
property
Damagetoanddestructionofcash
crops
Disruptionofproduction
Disruptionoflifestyle
Lossoflivelihood
Disruptiontoessentialservices
Damagetonationalinfrastructureand
disruptiontogovernmentalsystems
Nationaleconomicloss
Sociologicalandpsychologicalafter-
effects

12. Avalanches

13. Avalanches were first imagined as
giant snowballswhich increased in
size from accretion of underlying snow

14. WHAT ARE AVALANCHES?
•Theyarerapiddownslopemovementsofsnow,ice,rock,orsoil.
•Theycanbechannelizedorunconfined.
•Maytravelascoherentblockordisaggregateintosmallparticles.

16. Supporting structures
Prevent large
avalanches from
starting,theyarevery
expensiveandusedonly
wherepeopleand
propertyareatrisk.

17. Use of
splitters on
ski slopes

18. Snow sheds
•Theseshedsallowthe
avalanchetopassover
thestructure.
•Runovertheroads
andrailway.

20. Individual Disaster
Earthquake
Usually no warning. However, following a major EQ,
secondary shocks may give warning of a further
earthquake
Speed of onset usually sudden
Earthquake-prone areas are generally well identified and
well known
Major effects arise mainly from land movement, fracture
or slippage; They include damage to structures and
systems, plus considerable casualties due to lack of
warning

21. General counter-measures
Development of possible warning indicators.
Land-use regulations.
Building regulations.
Relocation of communities.
Public awareness and education programs.
Problematic areas for disaster management
Severe and extensive damage, creating the needs for urgent
counter-search and rescue, and medical assistance.
Difficulty of access and movement.
Widespread loss of or damage to infrastructure, essential services
and life support systems.
Recovery requirement (e.g. restoration and rebuilding) may be very
extensive and costly.
Rarity of occurrence in some areas may cause problems for
economies of counter-measures and public awareness.

22. VOLCANICERUPTION
Volcanoeswhicharelikelytoconstituteadisaster
threatareinternationallywelldocumentedand
monitoredforpossibleactivity.Usually,major
eruptionscanbepredicted.
Volcanicblastcandestroystructuresandenvironmental
surrounds,andalsocausefires,possiblyincluding
forestfires.
Land-surfacecracking,resultingfromvolcanic
explosion,mayaffectbuildingsandotherstructures.
Lavaflowcanburybuildings,andcrops.Itmayalso
causefiresandrenderlandunusable.
Ash,initsairborneform,canaffectaircraftby
ingestionintoengines.
Grounddepositofashmaydestroycropsandalso
affectlanduseandwatersupplies.
Ashmayalsocauserespiratoryproblems.
Mudflowsmayarisefromassociatedheavyrain.

23. General counter-measures
Land-use regulations.
Lava control systems.
Development of monitoring and warning system.
Evacuation plans and arrangements.
Relocation of population.
Public awareness and education programs.
Special problem areas for disaster management
Access during eruption.
Timely and accurate evacuation decision.
Public apathy, especially if there is a history of false alarms or small eruptions. Thus, it may be difficult
to maintain public awareness and also to implement evacuation plans.
Control of incoming sightseers when evacuation programs are being implemented.

24. Tsunami
Thevelocityofthewavedependsonthedepthofwater
atthepointwheretheseismicdisturbanceoccurs.Initial
wavevelocitymaybeashighas900kph(560mph),
slowingtoapproximately50kph(30mph)asthewave
strikesland.
Warningtimedependsondistancefrompointofwave
origin.
Impactonshorelinecanbeprecededbymarked
recessionofnormalwaterlevelpriortoarrivalofwave.
Thiscanamounttoamassiveoutgoingtide,followed
bytheincomingtsunamiwave.Peoplemaybetrapped
bygoingtoinvestigatethephenomenonoftheoutgoing
tideandthenbeingstruckbytheincomingwave.
Thetsunamiwavecanbeverydestructive;wave
heightsof30metershavebeenknown.
Impactcancause;flooding;salt-watercontamination
ofcrops,soilandwatersupplies;alsodestructionofor
damagetobuildings,structuresandshoreline
vegetation.

25. Generalcounter-measures
Optimumarrangementsofreceiptanddisseminationofwarning.
Evacuationofthreatenedcommunitiesfromsealevel/lowlevelareastohighground,ifsufficient
warningavailable.
Land-useregulationsimplementedifpossible.
Publicawarenessandeducationprograms.
Specialproblemareasfordisastermanagement
Timelydisseminationofwarninginviewofthepossibleshortperiodbetweenreceiptofwarningand
arrivalofthetsunamiwave.
Effectiveevacuationtime-scale.
Searchandrescue.
Recoveryproblemmaybeextensiveandcostlyduetoseveredestructionanddamage.

26. Tropicalcyclone
Usuallylongwarning,
derivedfromsystematic
internationalmeteorological
observationcenter.
Speedofonsetgradual.
Tendstoconformto
seasonalpattern.
Majoreffectsarisemainly
fromdestructiveforce
winds,storm surge
(producinginundation)and
floodingfromintense
rainfall.Landslidesmay
followfloodingandheavy
rainfall.
Destructiveand/orsevere
damagemaybecausedto
buildingsand other
structures,roadsessential
services,cropsandthe
environment.Majorlossof
lifeandlivestockmayoccur.

27. General counter-measures
Effective warning arrangements.
Precautionary measures during warning period (e.g. boarding-up buildings, closing public facilities).
Moving of people to safe shelter.
General readiness and clean-up measures prior to expected cyclone season ( reduce risk of flying objects).
Building regulations.
Public education and awareness.
Special problem areas for disaster management
Assessment of effects and needs may be difficult, especially due to bad weather following main disaster impact
and to problems of access and movement caused by high damage levels.
May be widespread or loss of counter-disaster resources (e.g. transport, emergency food and medical supplies,
shelter material).
Difficulty of access and movement in carrying out urgent relief operations, especially emergency feeding, shelter
and medical assistance programs.
Search and rescue.
Widespread destruction/ disruption of essential services.
Evacuation.
Rehabilitation of agriculture (especially tree crops)

28. Flood
Long,shortornowarning,
dependingontypeofflood
(e.g.floodingwithinpartsofa
majorriversystemmay
developoveranumberof
daysorevenweeks,whereas
flashfloodsmaygiveno
usablewarning)
Speedofonsetmaybegradual
orsudden.
Theremaybeseasonal
patternstoflooding.
Majoreffectsarisemainly
frominundationanderosion;
specifically,theymayinclude
isolationofcommunitiesor
areas,andinvolvetheneeds
forlarge-scaleevacuation.

29. Generalcounter-measures
Floodcontrol(e.g.bywalls,gates,dams,dykes,levees)
Land-useregulations.
Forecasting,monitoringandwarningsystem(s).
Relocationofpopulation.
Evacuationplansandarrangements.
Emergingequipment,facilitiesandmaterials,suchasspecialfloodboats,sandbags,suppliesofsand(plus
designatedvolunteersforimplementationofemergencymeasures).
Publicawarenessandeducationprograms.
Specialproblemareasfordisastermanagement
Difficultiesofaccessandmovement.
Rescue.
Medicalandhealthdifficulties(e.g.arisingfromsanitationproblems)
Evacuation.
Lossofreliefsupplies.
Large-scalereliefmayberequireduntilnextcropharvest.

31. Biological hazards / disasters: Epidemics
Anepidemicisthenunusualincreaseinthenumberofcasesofaninfectious
diseasewhichalreadyexistsinacertainregionorpopulation.Itcanalso
refertotheappearanceofasignificantnumberofcasesofaninfectious
diseaseinaregionorpopulationthatisusuallyfreefromthatdisease.
Epidemicsmaybetheconsequenceofdisastersofanotherkind,suchastropicalstorms,floods,earthquakes,droughts,
etc.Epidemicsmayalsoattackanimals,causinglocaleconomicdisasters
Avianflu
Avianinfluenza(AI)isaviralinfectionprimarilyaffectingbirds(chickens,ducks,geeseetc.,bothdomesticand
migratoryspecies),butalsosometimesotherspeciessuchaspigsandtigers.
Rarely,birdflucancausesevereinfectionsinhumans.TherearemanydifferentstrainsorvarietiesofAIviruses.They
areasub-groupofinfluenzaviruses,whichincludesthefluvirusthatcausesseasonaloutbreaksinhumansaroundthe
worldeveryyear.
COVID-19

32. Landslides
•Ifamassofearthmovesalonga
definiteplaneorsurfacethe
failureistermedasLandslide.
•Largeblockknownasaslump
blockmovesduringthe
landslide.
•Thescarabovealandslideis
easilyvisible.
•Theycanoccuralongaslope
wheretheinternalresistanceof
therocksarereducedorthey
loosetheirholdingcapacity.
•Commonafterearthquakesor
afterremovalofpartofthe
slopeduetoconstruction,
particularlyforconstructionof
roads.
•Thescarabovealandslideis
easilyvisible.
•Commonafterearthquakesor
afterremovalofpartofthe
slopeduetoconstruction.nof
roads.

33. Impact of landslides
Worldwidelandslideactivityis
increasing,dueto:
Increasedurbanizationanddevelopmentin
landslide-proneareas.
Continueddeforestationoflandslideprone
areas
Increasedregionalprecipitationcausedby
changingclimatepatterns

34. Major manmade
disaster:
• Setting of fires
• Epidemic
• Deforestation
• Pollution due to prawn
cultivation
• Chemical pollution.
• Wars
Minor manmade
disaster:
• Road / train accidents,
riots
• Food poisoning
• Industrial disaster/ crisis
• Environmental pollution

35. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
“AN APPLIED SCIENCE WHICH
SEEKS, BY THE SYSTEMATIC
OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF
DISASTERS, TO IMPROVE
MEASURES RELATING TO
PREVENTION, MITIGATION,
PREPAREDNESS, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE AND RECOVERY.”