Unit 6 pacemaker.ppT ALL INTRODUCTION ARE PRESENT HERE

Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering (BME) is an interdisciplinary field that merges principles of engineering with biological and medical sciences to design and create equipment, devices, and systems for healthcare. It encompasses various fields, including medical device design, diagnostic equipment, imaging technology, tissue engineering, and more, playing a crucial role in advancing human health by innovating technologies that improve diagnosis, treatment, and patient care.

History and Evolution of Biomedical Engineering
The origins of biomedical engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations where humans attempted to understand and influence biological processes. Early instances of artificial body parts such as prosthetic limbs made of wood or metal have been discovered in archaeological findings. However, biomedical engineering as a formalized discipline started gaining recognition only in the 20th century.

The rapid advancement of engineering and medical technology during the two World Wars led to a growing need for specialized professionals who could design medical devices for battlefield injuries, rehabilitation, and surgery. Devices like prosthetics, medical imaging machines, and dialysis units began to emerge during this period.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the development of biomedical engineering gained momentum with advances in electronics, computer science, and material science. One of the pivotal moments was the invention of the pacemaker, which revolutionized the treatment of heart diseases. The collaboration between engineers and medical professionals became more frequent, driving innovations like artificial heart valves, CAT scanners, and insulin pumps.

With the advent of modern computing technologies, the rise of molecular biology, and new materials, the field has grown exponentially since the late 20th century, bringing about a revolution in medical diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. Today, biomedical engineers are involved in the creation of advanced medical devices such as robotic surgical tools, bio-compatible materials for implants, and even artificial organs.

Core Areas of Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field that involves the collaboration of professionals from a range of scientific and engineering backgrounds. Some of the major areas within biomedical engineering include:

1. Medical Imaging
Medical imaging is one of the most critical areas of biomedical engineering, focusing on creating images of the human body for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Common imaging modalities include:

X-rays: A widely used method to view the internal structure of the body, especially bones.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning: Combines X-ray measurements taken from different angles to create cross-sectional

1. Class: VIII Semester Su b: BME- Unit- IV - Lecture-21 Therapeutic Equipment, Cardiac Pacemakers 1 PRPCEM, EXTC Dept 30/4/2021

2. Need for Cardiac Pacemaker

3. Need for Cardiac Pacemaker A pacemaker basically consists of two parts: ( i ) an electronic unit which generates stimulating impulses of controlled rate and amplitude, known as pulse generator, and (ii) the lead which carries the electrical pulses from the pulse generator to the heart. The lead includes the termination which connects to the pulse generator and the insulated conductors, which interface with electrodes and terminate within the heart. A variety of pacemakers with various possibilities of operation are commercially available, each having some special advantages when used under particular circumstances. However, in almost all cases, the waveforms used for pacing are round-topped rectangular pulses of 1–3 ms duration with rates adjustable from 50-150 pulses per minute. The electrode arrangements for use with cardiac pacemakers can be in the form of bipolar or unipolar system. In the bipolar system, two electrodes are placed on the heart for myocardial stimulation whereas in the unipolar system, one electrode is placed on the heart and the other electrode is positioned elsewhere in the body. The active electrode is connected to the negative terminal of the pacemaker so as to resemble the normal depolarization of the heart which occurs with intrinsic negative stimulation.

4. Types of Pacemakers

5. Types of Pacemakers

6. Implantable Pacemakers

7. Implantable Pacemakers

8. Types of Implantable Pacemakers

9. Types of Implantable Pacemakers