Unit 7 Definition of Seed and Seed materials.pptx

Importance scope and futere of seeds production in Nepal is mention in this slide. So be response me .

1. Seed Production Technology (Definition of Seed and Seed material, difference between seed and seed materials and types of Seed) Govinda Raj Sedai Instructor Madan Bhandari Memorial academy Nepal, Urlabari, Morang Date: 2079/02/23

2. SEED ? S = Source of Genetic Material E = Environment Protection & Conservation of Agri Biodiversity E = Enhanced Productivity D = means of Dissemination of Technology

3. In general seed is Botanically Seed is matured fertilized Ovule Plant’s Progeny production tool Seed is Planting material/embryo for future which protect ancestor genitical and varietal trait . Seed is genetically inheritance and Life protection tool. Quality seed mean genetically, varietal purity, physical purity, minimum moisture, disease and pest resistance with good germinating capacity. Seed is Single Grain germinate and produce new plant in favorable temperature and Relative humidity . Seed is Living Body of dead plant which protect and store genitical trait within it and germinate in favorable climate and produce new plant .

4. Definition of Seed and seed materials Seed can be defined as a fertilized ovule consisting of intact embryo, stored food and seed coat which is viable and has got the capacity to germinate. Botanically seed may be defined as a fertilized mature ovule that posses an embryonic plant, stored food material covered by a protective coat or coats which is viable and has got capacity to germinate under favorable environmental conditions. In crop production, seed materials includes tubers, seedling, bulbs, rhizomes, roots and stem cuttings, all kinds of grafts and vegetative propagated new plants with exact characters of parents and are used for raising new crops., In some crops, seeds may develop without fertilization or there is no fusion of gametes such process is called apomixes . In such case the embryo is develop simply by division of a diploid cell of the ovule. In seed technological term, the part of the plant used for sowing purpose to raise the crop is considered as seed.

5. Difference between seed and grain When the crop produces seed that can be used as seed or grain depending upon its planting value. The following are the main differences between seed and grain, when they are used for sowing:

6. SN Seed Grain (used as seed) 1 Result of well planned seed programme , sound scientific knowledge, organized effort, investment on processing, storage and marketing facilities. It is the part of Commercial product and no such knowledge and efforts are used 2 Production and maintenance of quality is the main aim of seed producer. It must be true to its type. During production effort is made to rogue out off-types, diseased plants, objectionable weeds and other crop plants at appropriate stage of crop growth which ensures satisfactory seed purity and health. In case of grain production, maximizing of yield is the main aim of producer. It may not be true to type. The purity and health status may be inferior. 3 The history or pedigree of the seed is ensured. Varietals purity is unknown 4 Field inspection is done properly by the seed inspector in seed producing plot in different stages of crop. No any scientific inspection is done in the growing period of crop.

7. SN Seed Grain (used as seed) 5 The seed is scientifically processed, treated and packed and labeled with proper lot identity. Processing and labeling is not scientific. 6 Seed testing (germination test, purity, seed health and seed moisture) is done before planting. Routine seed testing is not done before planting. 7 The quality of seed is controlled by seed certifying agency. There is no quality control 8 The standard quality is marked by the certification tags on the seed container. The quality is not descript and not known

8. Fruit A fruit is a mature ripened ovary of a flower that usually contains one or more ovules that have been fertilized and develop into true seeds. For example, legume pod, peppers and cereal grains are fruits just as apples, oranges and peaches. The fruits have exocarp , mesocarp and endocarp. Fruit type: 1. Simple fruit a. Fleshy b. Dry i. Dehiscent: legumes ii. Indehiscent: achene 2. Multiple: mulberry, pineapple 3. Aggregate: strawberry

9. Pineapple

10. Strawberry

11. Sometimes fruits may develop from ovary without fertilization and this phenomenon is called parthenocarpy and the fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. The resulting fruits are seed less and therefore do not contribute to the reproduction of the plant e.g. banana, pineapple etc. Plant growth substances may have a role in this phenomenon, which can be induced by auxins in the commercial production of tomatoes and other fruits.

12. Utilization of apomictic seed: Reproduction (seed formation) from an unfertilized egg or from somatic cells without fertilization, the process is called apomixes . This can occur by several mechanisms; however, all apomictic seeds have genetic materials only from the female parent plants. Apomixis may or may not require pollination or pollen tube germination to initiate seed formation; however, sexual union never occurs. Broadly apomixes is divided mainly into two types i.e. vegetative and agamospermy. 1. Vegetative apomixes: The reproduction by means of vegetative organs like bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons where the usual sporophytic development is omitted. 2. Agamospermy: Seed development takes place from the sporophytic tissues; the process is called agamospermy where gametophytic formation is omitted. It is 3 types: a) Parthenogenesis: The development of an embryo directly from unfertilized egg cell, the process is called parthenogenesis and the fruit is called parthenocarpic fruit. The resulting fruits are seed less and therefore do not contribute to the reproduction of the plant eg. banana, grapes etc. b) Apogamy: The development of an embryo out of any gametophytic cell other than egg without the union of gametes. c) Apospory: The formation of embryo sac directly from a somatic cell without any reduction division. Apomixis:

13. B) Utilization of specialized vegetative structures: For the reproduction of plants different specialized vegetative structures are utilized by using two methods which are: i) Separation: Bulbs, corms, runners, suckers, slips etc are separated and planted individually. ii) Division: Rhizomes and tubers are cut into sections having a bud or eye and then planted for regeneration eg . Potato, colocasia etc. iii) Propagated by cuttings iv) Propagated by layering v) Propagation by grafting vi) Propagation by budding

14. Seed Technology Feistritzer (1975) defined seed technology as the methods through which the genetic and physical characteristics of seed could be improved. It involves such activities as variety development, evaluation and release, seed production, processing, storage and certification . The seed technology is essentially an interdisciplinary science which encompasses a broad range of subjects. Seed technology comprises techniques of seed production, seed processing, seed storage, seed testing, certification, marketing and distribution and their related research on these aspects. It is an interdisciplinary science, which deals from varieties release to all aspect of seed handling. Plant breeder, agronomist, botanist, pathologist, entomologist and physiologist can work together on the various aspects of seed technology.

15. Role of seed technology Seed – carrier of new technologies Seed – a basic tool for secured food supply Seed – the principle means to secure crop yield in less favorable production area Seed – a medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in cases of natural disaster Seed – a bridge between two generation

16. Goals of seed technology 1. Rapid multiplication 2. Timely supply 3. Assured high quality of seed 4. Reasonable price

17. Opportunities of seed technologist 1. Management of seed enterprise, 2. Seed testing laboratories, 3. Seed certification agencies, 4. Seed law enforcement agencies, 5. Training/extension centers (for seed growers), 6. Research institute (where seed technology research being done).

18. Scope of seed technology 1. Food supply 2. Income generation opportunity 3. Food security

19. Scope of seed technology Nucleus Seed - Breeders Seed - White Foundation Seed - white Certified 1 - Blue Certified 2 - Green

20. Variety, landraces, germ-plasm, cultivar and their characteristics

21. Variety Assemblages of cultivated individuals, which have distinct, uniform and stable characters significant for the purpose of agriculture. Variety has to meet DUS criteria Distinct Uniform Stable Many named varieties under species Artificially developed through breeding tools Example: Arun, Radha-8, Rampur Composite, Khujura-2 etc.

22. Cultivar Cultivar is group of genetically similar plants which may be identified (by some means) from other groups of genetically similar plants. Developed from local selection without using breeding tools. Examples: Cauliflower: Jyapoo Cauliflower, Okra: Kavre Local etc. Onion: Baitadi local etc. Synonyms of variety

23. Landraces Existed in natural forms either in wild or cultivated form Mixture of genotypes. Ground for Variety development

24. What do you understand by varietal characters? Varietal characters denote Distinct, Uniform and Stable phenotypic expression of the crop plants in progeny population. How do these varietal characters transmitted to the offspring? Cell division Mitosis Meiosis

25. How to determine varietal characteristics? Observation and recording of morphological characters Preparation of developmental album of crop plants

26. Thanking you