Unit 8 world history review of 18th century.pptx

comprehensive overview of Europe in the 18th century

1. UNIT 8- Political Revolutions Our Mission Today Today we have a Lecture on Absolutism in Europe in Europe. We are going to pick up on the aftermath of the Reformation movements in Europe. A weakened church has allowed for new powers to emerge. For our mission today, you are given THREE tasks. Complete Absolutism and Enlightenment Vocab. Complete Absolutism in Europe Lecture Absolutism Reading “War and Revolution in England” and Reading Questions . PGE 409-412 C : 0 -No Cell Phones during lecture || Conversation level 1 during work time. H : Raise Your Hand to ask questions A : Absolutism VOCAB/Lecture/Reading M : Stay in your seats, ask before you move P : Maintaining CHAMPS expectations. || Working Entire Class Period/following lecture S : Completing the Vocab and Reading. DESK ATLAS #61 FROM LAST CLASS

2. Spain’s conflicts Intense competition between militant Protestants and Catholics fueled 16th-century European wars, though economic, social, and political factors also contributed significantly to the conflict. Fierce Catholic Champion:  Philip II of Spain , a powerful king with a vast empire, fiercely defended Catholicism against Protestant threats. His actions led to both victories, like Lepanto , and defeats, like the Dutch rebellion.

3. Spain’s Conflicts Netherlands Resistance : Philip's attempts to tighten control in the Netherlands, fueled by religious clashes, sparked a decades-long struggle that ultimately led to the creation of the independent Dutch Republic. Elizabethan England : Queen Elizabeth, navigating religious and political complexities,  established a moderate Protestant Church of England and skillfully balanced power dynamics in Europe, ultimately defeating the Spanish Armada. Spain's Decline : Despite initial power and territorial gains, Philip's reign ended with a bankrupt Spain, marking a decline in its influence and a shift in European dominance towards England and France.

4. The French Wars of Religion The French Wars of Religion centered on conflict between Catholics and Protestants within France. Religious Divide:  French civil wars stemmed from Catholic persecution of Huguenots (French Protestants), despite their minority presence and noble influence.

5. The French Wars of Religion Power Struggles : Beyond religion , towns and provinces sought to weaken the growing monarchy , fueling conflict on both sides. Henry IV & Edict of Nantes:  After converting to Catholicism , Henry IV ended the war and granted limited religious freedom and political rights to Huguenots through the Edict of Nantes. Unrest & Legacy :  Despite the Edict, tensions simmered for decades, ultimately leading to future religious conflict and revocation of Huguenot rights.

6. Crises in Europe In seventeenth-century Europe , population decline and the hysteria of witchcraft trials contributed to economic and political problems Economic Turmoil : Inflation, economic slowdown, and declining trade centers like Spain and Italy plagued Europe, contributing to social unrest. Population Fluctuations : There was an Initial population boom in the 16th century due to favorable conditions. However, Europe fell to decline by 1650, fueled by warfare ,  plague , and famine , further straining resources.

7. Crises in Europe Witchcraft Hysteria :  Religious fervor and social anxieties led to widespread accusations and trials, mostly targeting marginalized women , before eventually subsiding by mid-17th century. Shifting Power Dynamics : Stronger governments and changing beliefs curbed witchcraft trials, but societal tensions from economic and demographic pressures lingered.

8. The Thirty Years War The Thirty Years’ War started over religious conflicts , but it was sustained by political conflicts and resulted in the breakdown of the Holy Roman Empire . Religious & Political Tension :  Unresolved religious differences ( Calvinism not recognized ) and political ambitions fueled the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. Escalation & Foreign Involvement:  From a regional conflict , the war escalated as major European powers like France and Spain joined, motivated by political gain rather than religion .

9. The Thirty Years War Widespread Destruction & Peace Treaty:  Decades of fighting brought devastation to Germany. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war, granting territorial gains to Sweden and France , and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire into independent states with religious freedom. Long-term Impact:  While ending the religious war, the treaty fragmented Germany and laid the groundwork for future conflicts centuries later.

10. UNIT 8- Political Revolutions Our Mission Today Today we have a Gallery Walk on the Absolute Monarchs and Philosphes in Europe during the Enlightenment. For our mission today, you are given TWO tasks. Complete Absolutism Reading “War and Revolution in England” and Reading Questions . PGE 409-412 Philosophes and Kings Gallery Walk C : Conversation level 1 during work time. H : Raise Your Hand to ask questions A : Absolutism Reading/ Gallery Walk M : Walking the Hall Quietly to complete the Gallery Walk P : Maintaining CHAMPS expectations. || Working Entire Class Period S : Completing the Reading and Gallery walk. Guided Reading 18.2 FROM LAST CLASS

11. Philosophes and Kings Gallery Walk: Today we will be going through a gallery walk of the philosophers and monarchs of the enlightenment era. We will be working in pairs to answer the questions on the handouts in the Matrix. I am checking these off at the end of period

12. UNIT 8- Political Revolutions Our Mission Today Today we have a Lecture on The War for Independence in the American Colonies. We are going to examine the impact of the Enlightenment on the North American Colonies and how it inspired revolutionaries to throw off the shackles of British control. For our mission today, you are given Three tasks. Complete Desk Atlas #63 : Independence in the Americas Complete The American Revolution Lecture Absolutism Reading “The American Revolution” and Reading Questions. C : 0 -No Cell Phones during lecture || Conversation level 1 during work time. H : Raise Your Hand to ask questions A : Lecture/Reading M : Stay in your seats, ask before you move P : Maintaining CHAMPS expectations. || Working Entire Class Period/following lecture S : Completing the Vocab and Reading. ENLIGHTENMENT & REVOLUTIONS READING DUE!

13. The American Revolution The American Revolution started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. Thomas Paine's "Common Sense," published in January 1776, greatly influenced colonists to support independence, arguing that separation from Britain was both right and natural. Paine wrote, " Every thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'TIS TIME TO PART. ” Thomas Paine, an Enlightenment scholar, believed in using reason to define people's rights. Influenced by John Locke, who argued that overthrowing a government violating natural rights was justified , Paine expressed these ideas persuasively. Six months after " Common Sense " was published, Americans declared independence, marking the start of their political revolution.

14. The Path to War Tensions between Britain and its American colonists rose after the French and Indian War (1754-1763) , despite Britain's victory halting French territorial expansion in North America. Concerns about Native American violence , particularly on the western frontier, led to demands for protection , with Britain expecting the colonies to contribute to their defense. To raise revenue, Britain passed the Stamp Act (1765), taxing goods like newspapers and playing cards, sparking outrage and uniting the colonies in protest. The Sons of Liberty organized against the act, leading to its repeal in 1766, but new taxes followed, prompting boycotts. In 1773, the Boston Tea Party, where colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped British tea into the harbor, further strained relations.

15. The Path to War The Coercive Acts ( Intolerable Acts ), including the closing of Boston Harbor and increased royal governor power, were imposed in response to the Tea Party . These acts, along with the Quebec Act, which limited colonial settlement , heightened fears of British control and united colonists in seeking redress. The First Continental Congress met in 1774 , with moderates hoping to compromise with Britain and radicals advocating for separation if their freedoms were not restored.

16. The Fight For Independence Before the Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the start of the American Revolution. Radicals gained influence, advocating for independence , supported by influential writings like Paine’s "Common Sense" and Jefferson’s "Summary View of the Rights of British America." Despite this, a significant number of Loyalists , especially in parts of New York, New Jersey, and the Carolinas, remained loyal to Britain throughout the war. Congress appointed George Washington to lead the Continental Army, recognizing his leadership from the French and Indian War. Patriot forces, between fall 1775 and spring 1776, invaded Canada, pushed the British out of Boston, and took offensive actions. In June 1776, Congress formed a committee to draft a declaration of independence , which was signed on July 4, 1776.

17. The Fight For Independence The British responded swiftly, capturing New York City by September with a large force. Washington and his army retreated to New Jersey, crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania . In a bold move on Christmas night 1776, Washington led a successful surprise attack on the British at Trenton, boosting morale with Paine's words from "The American Crisis." Ten days later, the Patriots won another victory at Princeton . Washington's strategic skill was crucial, but foreign aid, especially from France, Spain, and Holland, also played a significant role in the Patriots' success. The Battle of Saratoga , which acted as a turning point in the revolution, proved to the French that the Americans could win the war, prompting France to actively support the American cause. This victory prevented the British from isolating New England by controlling the Hudson River Valley.

18. The Treaty of Paris Subsequent battles saw the war shift to the South, where the British gained control. However, with French assistance , the Continental Army trapped the main British force at Yorktown , Virginia. The surrender of this army in October 1781 marked the end of major hostilities and secured American independence. The Revolutionary War officially ended in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris , where Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. The treaty also defined the new nation's borders, extending from the Great Lakes to Florida and west to the Mississippi River . In return, the United States agreed to recommend that states restore rights and property to Loyalists affected by the war.

19. Constitution & The Bill of Rights Thomas Paine named the new country the United States of America , but the extent of unity among the states was uncertain. The Articles of Confederation , ratified in 1781, outlined the role of the central government , which was limited due to the states' reluctance to grant much power. The states were considered sovereign , with the ability to create laws and policies independently . However, the Articles proved ineffective , leading to calls for a Constitutional Convention in 1787. Instead of amending the Articles, the convention decided to replace them, resulting in a new Constitution by the end of the summer. The Constitution aimed to protect citizens' rights and liberties, with debates focusing on issues like representation in Congress.

20. Constitution & The Bill of Rights The Great Compromise resolved the dispute between large and small states, determining that representation in the House would be based on population , while each state would have an equal number of senators. The Constitution also separated government powers into three branches and established the supremacy of law. Ratified in 1788 , the Constitution was complemented by the Bill of Rights in 1791 , protecting individual liberties and completing the shift from a monarchical system to a representative republic .