Unit I Historical background and development of pharmacy profession.pdf

Discover the evolution of pharmacy from ancient times to modern practice, tracing the development of pharmaceuticals, drug regulation, and the role of pharmacists in healthcare. Gain a deeper understanding of the profession's origins and its impact on society. Whether you're a student or a practitioner, this presentation offers a rich exploration of pharmacy's rich heritage.

1. Historical Background and Development of
Profession of Pharmacy
-By
Mr.GauravS.Patil
AssistantProfessor,Dept.ofPharmaceutics
KVP’S,InstituteofPharmaceuticalEducation,Boradi,Maharashtra
UNIT:I
Gaurav S. Patil 1

2. Content
I.HistoryofprofessionofPharmacyinIndiainrelationto:
pharmacyeducation,industry,andorganization.
II.PharmacyasCareer
III.Pharmacopoeias:IntroductiontoIP,BP,USP,andExtra
Pharmacopoeias
Gaurav S. Patil 2

3. Introduction to Pharmacy
•Pharmacy:PharmacyisaGreekwordderivedfromPharma,usedsincethe
15th-17thcenturies.
•However,itoriginatesfromGreekwordPharmakonmeaning“Drug”.
•Traditionallypharmacyisknownasartsandscienceofmakingmedicines
(drugs).
•Modernage,pharmacyisthescienceandtechniqueofpreparingand
dispensingdrugs.
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4. •Pharmacy,isdefinedastheprofessionwhichisconcernedwiththeartand
scienceofIdentification,Selection,Preparation,Preservation,Standardization
ofsuitabledrugsubstancesfromnaturalandsyntheticsourcesandtheir
formulationswhicharemeantforadministrationforDiagnosis,Prevention,
Treatmentofdiseases.
•It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and
aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.
Introduction to Pharmacy
Continued…
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5. Introduction to Pharmacy
Continued…
•Apothecaryishistoricalnameformedicalprofessionalwhoformulateand
dispensemedicinestothepatientsandphysiciansthisrolenowserveby
pharmacist.
•Pharmacistsarehealthcareprofessionalswhopracticeinpharmacy,thefield
ofhealthsciencesfocusingonsafeandeffectivemedicationuse.
•Theyhavelicensedtoprepareanddispensemedications,involvedinpatient
care,counselling,andmonitoroutcomespursuanttoaprescriptionfroma
licensedhealthprofessional.
Gaurav S. Patil 5

6. History of profession of Pharmacy
1
•The evolution of pharmacy profession can be divided into five historical
periods:
1.Ancient Era: The beginning of time to AD 1600
2.Empiric Era:1600-1940
3.Industrialization Era: 1940-1970
4.Patient Care Era: 1970-Present
5.Advance Pharmaceutical, Biotechnological and Genetic Engineering Era:
The New Horizon.
Gaurav S. Patil 6

7. 1.Ancient Era: Generally used leaves, mud, and cool water to stop the bleeding and
heal the wounds.
•Chinese (2000 BC)–Produced herbal drugs with “spiritual” effects. They were
credited to be first users of podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, cinnamon etc.
•Indian (800 BC) -the Indians art of healing is almost as old as the religion of
hindiuismitself. Aurvedaattained a state of reverence and is classified as one of the
Upa-Vedas-a subsection attached to the AtharvaVeda, it also deals with the diseases,
injuries, fertility, sanity and health.
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8. •TheAyurveda(anancientscienceoflife)incorporatesallformsoflifestylein
therapy.Thusyoga,aroma,mediation,gems,amulets,herbs,diets,astrology,color
andsurgeryetcareusedinacomprehensivemannerintreatingpatients.Themain
pillarsofAyurvedaare:CharakaSamhita,SushrutaSamhita,Vaghbata.
•CharakaSamhita:compiledandeditedbyMaharshiCharak
•SushrutaSamhita:addressallaspectsofgeneralmedicine.
•Theophratus,aGreekphilosopheraround300BCstudiedtheplants,herbs,and
shrubsextensivelyhencereferasaFatherofBotany.
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9. •Greeksare the first one who promote the pharmacy profession in world.
•466 to 377 BCE: Hippocrates
Known as Father of Medicine.
Hippocrates established the basics of clinical medicine as it is practiced today.
He introduced numerous medical terms universally used by physicians, including
symptom, diagnosis, therapy, trauma and sepsis.
•384-322 BCE: Aristotle
Regarded as godfather of evidence-based medicine.
Greatest thinker in politics, psychology and ethics.
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10. •40-80AD:Dioscorides
GreekPhysician:popularlyknownasFatherofPharmacognosy.
Wrotebookof5volumesonmedicineandpharmacycalledDeMateriaMedica
servedfoundationforotherbooksofmedicalprofession.
•131-200AD:Galen
Recognizedasfirstpharmacist.
Firstonetoformulatedcoldcream.
Hewasfirsttoextracttherapeuticconstituentsfromplantscalledasgalenicals.
Hemadeavailablevariousformulaeandmethodsofpreparation
_____
hisworkis
stillk/agalenicalpharmacy.
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11. •754AD:firstapothecary(drugstoreorpharmacy)wassetupinBaghdad.
•AfterthefallofRomanempire,divisionofpharmacyandmedicineevolved.
•GermanemperorFredrickIIfeltthatpharmacyshouldbeseparatedfrommedicine.
2.EmpiricEra:1600-1940
•1645-1751:Le’mery
•Reportedimportanceofextractionmethods.
•Usedalcoholformajorityofextractions.
•1707-1778:SwedeLinnaeus
•Classifyplantsandintroducedthebinomialsystemoftaxonomy(systemof
namingtheplants)
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12. •1821:FirstUnitedStatePharmacopoeia(USP)waspublished.
•1821:firstSchoolofPharmacywasestablishedinPhiladelphia,UnitedStates.
•1852:AmericanPharmacyAssociationwasestablishedbyWilliamProctorJr.He
devotedhistimeandattentionfortheadvancementofpharmacyprofession,hence
k/afatherofpharmacy.
•Majorroleandcontributionofpharmacisttosciencewasintheareaofchemistry.
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13. History of Pharmacy Profession in India
•1840:GoaMedicalCollegewasstartedinPanaji.
•1841-BengalDispensatoryandEdinburghPharmacopoeiawaspublished
•1870:markedthebirthofpharmacyinIndia(Madrasstate)trainthestudentsin
pharmacypractice.
•1881:BengalInstitutewerestartedtotrainstudentsasacompounders.
•1901:The“BengalChemicalandPharmaceuticals”workinKolkatabyProf.P.C.Ray.
•1907:AlembicChemicalscompanywassetupinBarodabyProf.T.K.Gujjar.
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14. •1930:sera,vaccine,anestheticsandfewsimpledrugsproductionbegan.
•11thAugust1930:GovernmentofIndiaon,appointedacommitteeunderthe
chairmanshipofLateCol.R.N.ChopratoseeintotheproblemsofPharmacyinIndia
andrecommendthemeasurestobetaken.
•1935:UnitedProvincePharmaceuticalAssociationlatercalledIndian
PharmaceuticalAssociationwasestablished.
•1937:BanarasHinduUniversityStartedFirstB.Pharmacycourseunderthe
guidanceofProf.MahadevaLalSchroff.(FatherofPharmacyinIndia)
•1939:IndianJournalofPharmacywasstartedbyProf.M.L.Schroff.
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15. 3.IndustrializationEra
•1940:AllIndiaPharmaceuticalCongressAssociationwasestablished.
•1941:ThefirstDrugsTechnicalAdvisoryBoard(D.T.A.B.)underthisactwas
constituted.CentralDrugsLaboratorywasestablishedinCalcutta.
•1942:CouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearchwasregistered.
•1945:‘DrugsRuleundertheDrugsActof1940’wasestablished.
•1945:Govt.broughtthePharmacyBilltostandardizethePharmacyEducationin
India
•1946:TheIndianPharmacopoeialListwaspublishedunderthechairmanshipoflate
Col.R.N.Chopra.
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16. •1948:PharmacyAct1948wasenacted.
•1948:IndianPharmacopoeialCommitteewasconstitutedunderthechairmanship
oflateDr.B.N.Ghosh.
•1949:PharmacyCouncilofIndia(P.C.I.)wasestablishedunderPharmacyAct1948
•1954:EducationRegulationhavecomeinforce1954:DrugsandMagicRemedies
(ObjectionableAdvertisements)Act1954waspassed
•15November1954:Prof.M.L.SchorffwaselectedasfirstpresidentofPCI.
•1954:HindustanAntibioticsLimitedwassetuptoincreasetheproductionof
Antibiotics
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17. •1955:MedicinalandToiletPreparations(ExciseDuties)Act1955wasenacted.
•1955:FirsteditionofIndianPharmacopoeiawaspublished.
•1960:Collaborationbetweenresearchanddevelopmentunitofindustryand
nationallaboratories,andacademiawasstarted.
•1970:SpecialprovisionwasgiventoIndianPatentact.
•1985:NarcoticandPsychotropicSubstancesActhasbeenpassed.
•1985-1990:NumberofpharmaceuticalmanufacturingplantsweresetupinIndia.
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18. Pharmacy Education in India
2,3
•In July 1937, pharmacy education was started in India.
•Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) was constituted on March 9, 1949 to ensure uniform
education and training purpose for individuals interested in pharmacy profession.
•Presently available Pharmacy Courses in India:
Course Duration
D. Pharm 2 Years
B.Pharm 4 Years
M.Pharm 2 Years
PharmD 5Years
Ph.D. in Pharmacy3-6 Years
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19. •PharmacyeducationinIndiaincludesablendoftheoryandpracticalclassesand
examinations,besidescompulsoryindustrialorhospitaltraininginvaryingperiods
dependinguponthecourseselected.
•TherewillbeneverendingdemandforthepharmacyprofessionalsinIndiaaswell
asglobe.
•Therearenumerousorganizationsareassociatedwiththepharmacyprofessionin
Indianamely:PCI,StatePCI,MSBTEC,AICTEetc.toregulatethestandardsofthe
profession.
•PharmacyeducationinIndiaisregulatedby2organizations:thePharmacyCouncil
ofIndia(PCI),underthePharmacyActof1948,andtheAllIndiaCouncilfor
TechnicalEducation(AICTE),whichwasestablishedundertheAICTEActof1987
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20. •In 1930, in Calcutta the first pharmaceutical company called Bengal Chemicals and
Pharmaceutical Works.
•The history of Indian pharmaceutical market in 1970s was almost non-existent.
•Today, India has gained immense importance in the pharmaceutical domain.
•The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the worlds 3
rd
largest in terms of volume and
14
th
in terms of value.
•The pharmaceutical industry in India is currently valued at $50 Bn.
•India is a major exporter of Pharmaceuticals, with over 200+ countries served by
Indian pharma exports.
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
4
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21. •Indiasuppliesover50%ofAfrica'srequirementforgenerics,~40%ofgeneric
demandintheUSand~25%ofallmedicineintheUK.
•Indiaalsoaccountsfor~60%ofglobalvaccinedemand,andisaleadingsupplierof
DPT,BCGandMeaslesvaccines.70%ofWHO’svaccines(aspertheessential
Immunizationschedule)aresourcedfromIndia.
•1.SunPharmaceuticalIndustriesLtd.2.AurobindoPharma3.DrReddy’sLabs4.
Cipla5.ZydusLifescience6.Lupin7.GlenmarkPharma8.AlkemLaboratories9.
Biocon10.TorrentPharmaarethetop10pharmaceuticalscompaniesofIndiabythe
revenueandmarketcap.
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22. •Thescopeofpharmacypracticegenerallyincludesthecompoundingandthe
dispensingofmedications,andmoremodernservicessuchasclinicalservices,
providingdruginformationincorrectmanner.
•Pharmacyasacareeroption,whichhasalwaysbeenintheforefront.
•Todayskyisthelimitforapharmagraduate.Dependingonthequalification,talent
andexperience,therearenumerousavenuesforpharmaprofessionals.
•Thosewhohavequalifiedindividualsinpharmacycoursehaveexcellent
opportunitiesinindustry,academia,hospitals,researchindustries,andgovernment
departments.
Pharmacy as a Career
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23. Jobopportunitiesforpharmacyprofessional’s
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24. 1.Practicesettings:
•HospitalPharmacist:Hospitalsapharmacist.Theyundertakeresponsibilityfor
stockcontrol,storage,placingorders,labellingandfinancialbudgetingandaccount-
keepingforthedispensary.
•CommunityPharmacist:Dispensingofprescriptionandover-the-counter
medicinestothepublic.Reviewingprescriptionsfromdoctorstoensureaccuracy
andsuitabilityforthepatient,includingthedosage,ingredientsrequired,and
correctlyandsafelylabelled.
•ClinicalPharmacist:Clinicalpharmacistsareresponsibleandaccountablefor
medicationtherapyandpatientoutcomes.
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25. 2.Industry
•Production: The production department of pharmaceutical companies is the engine
behind the manufacturing of life-saving medications. Majority of pharmacy
graduates works in this particular domain.
•Quality control and Quality Assurance:Quality control meticulously tests each
batch of drugs to guarantee safety and efficacy, while quality assurance establishes
and enforces the standards that underpin the entire production process.
•Packaging: Packaging in pharmaceuticals is more than just a container; it's a crucial
aspect of drug safety and patient convenience. It provides safety to medications. It
emerge as major department of pharmaceutical industry.
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26. •Sales and Marketing:In pharmaceutical sales and marketing, professionals
promote and distribute medications to healthcare providers, ensuring their
accessibility and educating on their benefits.
•Regulatory affairs: Here experts navigate the complex process of pharmaceutical
regulations to ensure that drugs meet safety and efficacy standards. They liaise with
regulatory authorities and play a vital role in product approvals, compliance, and
labelling accuracy.
•Pharmacovigilance:Here professionals monitor and assess the safety of drug
products post-marketing. They collect, analyse, and report adverse events,
contributing to the ongoing safety evaluation of medications and regulatory
compliance.
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27. •Research and Development: In pharmaceutical R&D, scientists and researchers
innovate by discovering and developing new drugs. They conduct pre-clinical and
clinical trials, striving to bring novel treatments to market and improve existing ones
through scientific inquiry and experimentation.
3.Other Settings:
•Government Jobs: One can work as pharmacist in different department of
government such as railway, navy, army, in state and central government. Drug
inspector is an elite job option for pharmacy graduates involves, control of licensing
authority. For enter into such jobs one needs to clear examinations conducted by the
respective departments.
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28. •Business:A pharmacy career in business involves managing and operating
pharmacies, drug distribution companies, or pharmaceutical sales. It focuses on the
commercial aspects of the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring medications reach
patients efficiently.
•Academics: Academics in pharmacy lead to teaching and research roles in
universities or colleges. Professors educate future pharmacists and conduct research
to advance pharmaceutical knowledge and practices
•Consultancy: Pharmacy consultancy offers expertise to pharmaceutical companies,
healthcare organizations, or government agencies. Consultants provide guidance on
drug development, regulatory compliance, and healthcare strategie
Gaurav S. Patil 28

29. •ClinicalResearch:Acareerinclinicalresearchinvolvesconductingtrialsto
evaluatethesafetyandeffectivenessofnewdrugs.Researchersworkwithpatients
togatherdata,contributingtothedevelopmentofnewmedications.
•Entrepreneur:Asanentrepreneurinpharmacy,individualscanstarttheir
pharmaciesorhealthcare-relatedventures.Thispathallowsforinnovationin
healthcareservices,drugdelivery,orhealthcaretechnology.
•FurtherStudies:Pursuingfurtherstudies,suchasamasters,Ph.D.orspecialized
certifications,canleadtoadvancedrolesinpharmacy,likepharmaceuticalresearch,
academia,orspecializedclinicalpractice.Itoffersopportunitiesforin-depth
expertiseandleadershipinthefield.
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30. Pharmacopoeia
•Pharmacopoeia:ThewordPharmacopoeiawasderivedfromGreekswords
Pharmakon:DrugandPoieo:Make.i.e.themakingofdrug
•Definition:Pharmacopoeiaisalegalandofficialbookissuedbyrecognized
authoritiesusuallyappointedbyGovernmentofeachcountry.Itcompriseslistof
pharmaceuticalsubstances,formulaealongwiththeirdescriptionandstandardsin
ordertobuildqualityandmaintainuniformity.
•Pharmacopoeiasareupdatedontimelybasistointroducelatestinformation
availableasearlyaspossible.
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31. •ContentofPharmacopoeia:
•Monographs:Thesearedetailedspecificationsforindividualdrugsorpharmaceutical
substances.Monographsincludeinformationonthedrug'schemicalcomposition,
physicalproperties,manufacturingmethods,qualitycontroltests,anddosages.
•GeneralChapters:Thesecoverawiderangeoftopicsrelatedtopharmaceuticals,
includingdosageforms(e.g.,tablets,capsules,injections),pharmaceuticalexcipients
(inactiveingredients),andqualitycontrolprocedures(e.g.,stabilitytesting,microbial
limits).
•ReferenceStandards:Pharmacopoeiasprovidereferencesubstancesthatserveas
benchmarksfortestingthequalityofdrugsandpharmaceuticals.Thesestandardsare
usedtocalibrateinstrumentsandverifytestresults.
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32. •ControlProcedures:Pharmacopoeiasoutlinemethodsandproceduresfortestingthe
identity,purity,potency,andsafetyofdrugs.Theseincludeanalyticaltechniques,
specificationsforequipment,andcriteriaforacceptableresults.
•DosageForms:Informationontheformulation,labelling,andstoragerequirementsfor
differentpharmaceuticaldosageforms,suchastablets,capsules,creams,andinjections.
•Compendiainthecontextofpharmacopoeiasarethebooksthatcontainstandards
fordrugandotherrelatedsubstances.
•Theyareoftwotypes:officialandnon-officialcompendia
•Officialcompendia:ExampleIndianPharmacopoeia,BritishPharmacopoeia.
•Nonofficialcompendia:ExampleMerckIndexandExtraPharmacopoeias
Gaurav S. Patil 32

33. HistoryofPharmacopoeia:
•Eachcountryhaslegislationonpharmaceuticalpreparationswhichsetsastandards
andrequiredqualityindicesformedicament,rawmaterialsandpreparations
employedinthemanufactureofdrugs.
•Theseregulationsarepresentedinseparatearticles.Generalandspecificmatters
relatingtoindividualdrugsarepublishedintheformofabookcalleda
Pharmacopoeia.
•On15thDecember1820,thefirstUnitedStatePharmacopoeia(USP)wasreleased.
In1864,thefirstBritishPharmacopoeia(B.P)waspublishedandin1955,first
IndianPharmacopoeiawaspublishedofficially.
Gaurav S. Patil 33

34. •Inpre-independencedays,BritishPharmacopeiawasusedinIndia.Thecolonial
addendumofBP1898waspublishedin1900appearedasGovernmentofIndia
editionin1901.
•In1946GovernmentofIndiaissuedonelistknownas“TheIndianPharmacopoeial
list”.
•CommitteeunderchairmanshipofCol.R.N.Chopraalongwithotherninemembers
prepared“TheIndianPharmacopoeiallist”.ItwaspreparedbyDept.ofHealth,Govt.
ofIndia,Delhiin1946.
•In1948GovernmentofIndiaappointedanIndianPharmacopeiacommitteefor
preparing“PharmacopeiaofIndia”Tenureofthiscommitteewasfiveyears.
Gaurav S. Patil 34

35. IndianPharmacopoeia(IP):
•IndianPharmacopoeiawaspublishedbyIndianPharmacopoeiaCommission(IPC)
onbehalfoftheMinistryofHealth&FamilyWelfare,GovernmentofIndia.
•Headquarter:Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh
•FirstIndianPharmacopoeiawaspublishedin1955
•IndianPharmacopeiacommitteeunderchairmanshipofDr.B.N.GhoshPublished
firsteditionofIPin1955.
•ItiswritteninEnglish&officialtitlesofmonographsgiveninLatin.
•Itcovers986monographs.Supplementtothiseditionwaspublishedin1960.
Gaurav S. Patil 35

36. Various Pharmacopoeias with their Year of Publication
Gaurav S. Patil 36

37. BritishPharmacopoeia(BP):
•ItisnationalpharmacopoeiaofUK.FirsteditionofBPwaspublishedin1864.
•Ithastwoparts,PartI:-MateriaMedica&PartII:-Preparation&compounds.
•SecondeditionofBPwaspublishedin1867.
•FourtheditionofBPwaspublishedin1898.
•FiftheditionofBPwaspublishedin1914.
•EightheditionofBPwaspublishedin1953.Inthiseditiontitlesofdrugs&
preparationswereinEnglishinsteadofLatinandmetricsystem.Thenninthwasin
1958,13
th
in1980,14
th
in1988and15
th
in1993
•Latesteditionwaspublishedon1January2019
Gaurav S. Patil 37

38. UnitedStatesPharmacopoeia(USP):
•FirsteditionofUnitedstatePharmacopeiawaspublishedon15thDecember1820in
bothLatin&English.
•USPisaddressingqualityassurance,enhancingregulatorypredictability,andhelping
manufacturersdistributequalitymedicines,dietarysupplementsandfoods.
•From1820to1942itwaspublishedatTenyearsintervals.
•From1942to2000itwaspublishedatFiveyearsintervals.From2002itwas
publishedannually.
•FirstNationalFormularyoftheUnitedStateappearedin1888.
Gaurav S. Patil 38

39. Extra Pharmacopoeia
•This is little extra pharmacopoeia of unofficial drugs and chemical and
pharmaceutical preparations written by William Martindale.
•It majorly aims to cover drugs and related substances reported to be of clinical
interest anywhere in world.
•It provide useful information for the patients arriving from the abroad to identify
their existing medication.
•It has some features like:
•List of some 6000 drugs and medicines used throughout the world.
•Includes list of 18000 proprietary preparations.
•Also, having 700 diseases treatment reviews Gaurav S. Patil 39

40. Various Pharmacopoeia’s with their country
Gaurav S. Patil 40

41. References
1.HardasAP.GlimpseofpharmacyprofessioninIndia.JournalofDrug
DeliveryandTherapeutics.2012Mar15;2(2).
2.BasakSC,SathyanarayanaD.PharmacyeducationinIndia.American
journalofpharmaceuticaleducation.2010May1;74(4)
3.PharmacyCouncilofIndiahttps://www.pci.nic.in/
4.Formulatingsuccess:TheIndianpharmaceuticalindustry.
https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/pharmaceuticals
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