Unit II Earth and Life Science in Senior High School

Unit II Bioenergetics

1. unit ii:
bioenergetics
GROUP 4

2. LIFE AT THE
CELLULAR
LEVEL
01

3. lesson 1:
life at the cellular level
definition of cell
classifications of cell
parts of a cell
the cell cycle
photosynthesis
cellular respiration

4. CELL
Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered
cells in 1665 by observing a piece of bottle cork.
the smallest, basic unit of structure and function of
all living organisms
all organisms are made up of cells
all cells arise from pre-existing cells
they provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those nutrients, and
carry out specialized functions

5. PARTS:
Cell membrane - Every prokaryote has a cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane,
that separates the cell from the outside environment.
Cytoplasm - In prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, cytoplasm simply means everything found
inside the plasma membrane.
Nucleoid - Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened region called the
nucleoid.
Ribosomes - Particles that synthesize proteins.
Plasmids - This extrachromosomal DNA is found in plasmids, which are small, circular, double-
stranded DNA molecules.
Mesosomes - are a type of infoldings of the cell membrane that are commonly found in
prokaryotic cells.
Cell wall - This structure maintains the cell's shape, protects the cell interior, and prevents the cell
from bursting when it takes up water.
Capsule - The capsule helps prokaryotes cling to each other and to various surfaces in their
environment, and also helps prevent the cell from drying out.
Glycocalyx - In the prokaryotes, the glycocalyx prevents recognition and destruction of the
bacteria by the immune cells.
Slime layer - An easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material which
surrounds the bacterial cell.
primitive, single-celled
microorganisms that has no nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles
generally reproduce by binary fission,
a form of asexual reproduction.
PROKARYOTIC CELL

6. PARTS:
Cell Membrane - The membrane found in all cells that separates in the interior of the
cell from the outside environment.
Cytoplasm - The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
Nucleus - Controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes.
Nucleolus - Spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to
produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
Centrioles - Pared barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells
near the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins
and other molecules move.
> Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Found throughout the cell but the density is higher
near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus.
> Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Synthesizes lipids ,phospholipids as in plasma
membrane and steroids.
Mitochondrion - The powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular
respiration.
Ribosomes - Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.
characterized by true nucleus
true nucleus has four parts; nuclear
membrane, nucleoplasm, nuclear
reticulum, and nucleolus
generally reproduce sexually as well
as asexually
EUKARYOTIC CELL

7. PARTS:
Golgi Complex - Factory which proteins received from the ER are further processed
and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations.
Plastids - Double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plant and algae.
> Chloroplast - plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable
chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
> Leucoplast - Important organelles for the synthesis and storage of starch lipids ang
proteins.
Vacuoles Lysosomes - Both membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
Peroxisomes - Organelles responsible for various metabolic processes, including the
breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.
Microtubes - Major components of the cytoskeleton.
Cell Wall - Rigid structure found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.
Flagella - Primarily used for cell movement and are found in prokaryotes as well as
some eukaryotes.
Cilia - Small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells.
characterized by true nucleus
true nucleus has four parts; nuclear
membrane, nucleoplasm, nuclear
reticulum, and nucleolus
generally reproduce sexually as well
as asexually
EUKARYOTIC CELL

8. CELL CYCLE
a series of physical and metabolic activities
which constitute its birth, growth, and
development, and reproduction.
it has two periods: the Interphase and the
Division Phase

9. the birth and growth and development
period wherein a newly formed cell
increases in cell size and volume by
absorbing water and the dissolved organic
molecules, synthesizes its genetic material,
and forms its sturctures and/or organelles
INTERPHASE
DIVISION PHASE
karyokinesis - division of the nucleus
cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm
leads the period or reproduction and
consists of two important processes:
01
02

10. a nuclear division that duplicates the chromosome
number of the parent cell such that these duplicates
become separated from each other through
cytokinesis. Thus, if a cell undergoes mitosis and
karyokinesis, it produces new cells which have the
same nuclear content/chromosome number as the
parent cell
MITOSIS
01
MEIOSIS
a nuclear division observed only among plants and
animals and forms specialized cells called as gametes
or sex cell. When a cell undergo meiosis, forming four
gametes that contain only half of the original nuclear
content/chromosome number of the parent cell.
02
KARYOKINESIS
HAPPENS EITHER
THROUGH:

11. MITOSIS
01

12. MEIOSIS
01

13. for plant and
plant-like
organisms (those
possessing cell
walls)
the structures called vesicles begin cell form within the central portion of the cell and
extend towards the opposite ends. These vesicles fuse to enable cytoplasmic division,
thereby forming the cell plate which would later on develop into a cell wall.
KARYOKINESIS HAPPENS THROUGH PHRAGMOPLAST OR
CELL PLATE FORMATION

14. for animal and
animal-like
organisms
cytoplasmic division happens through constrictions that begin at opposite sections
of the central part of the cell to form two separate cells
KARYOKINESIS HAPPENS THROUGH FURROWING OR
CLEAVAGE FORMATION

15. Once a cell has been formed through the division phase,
it shall undergo its own interphase that would
constitute growth and development via metabolism.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are the best
examples of cellular metabolism.

16. a anabolic process by which plants make their food (glucose) by
converting light energy into chemical energy that can be increased to
fuel the organism's activity
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
a catabolic process that takes place in the cell of an organism to
convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules to nutrients
occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to
break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the
form of ATP
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy-carrying molecule found in
the cells of all living things.

17. 02
LIFE AT THE
ECOLOGICAL
LEVEL

18. lesson 2:
life at the Ecological level
definition of ecosystem
definition of food chain
categories of organism
the ecological cycle

19. ECOSYSTEM
is a grouping of microorganisms, plants, and animals that interact
with one another and with the physical/abiotic factors of the
environment.
An ecosystem is able to sustain itself because of a continuous
energy source that it is able to reuse. This cycling and recycling of
energy occur through the food chain/web and the biogeochemical
cycles.

20. FOOD CHAIN
The food chain is the feeding relationship
between and among living organisms such that
one group becomes the food source of another
(the food web is an over-lapping food chain
wherein an organism eats more than one kind of
another organism and it may also be eaten by
different groups)

21. CATEGORIES
OF ORGANISM

22. PRODUCERS
also known as autotrophs
are able to synthesize their own food
using external energy sources.
they may either be; photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic
01

23. PRODUCERS
MAY BE
EITHER;
also known as photoautotrophs
which create food using the energy from the Sun (e.g.,
cyanobacteria, algae, and plants)
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
01
also known as chemoautotrophs
which manufacture food utilizing energy form
inorganic molecules (e.g., sulfur bacteria and
methanogens).
CHEMOSYNTHETIC
02

24. CONSUMERS
is a living creature that eats organisms from a different
population.
A consumer is a heterotroph and a producer is an
autotroph.
02

25. ANIMALS MAY
CLASSIFIED
AS;
is an organism that mostly feeds on plants.
HERBIVORES
01
is an animal that feeds on other animals.
CARNIVORES
02
is an organism that eats plants and animals.
OMNIVORES
03

26. DECOMPOSERS
are mostly microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that
feed on dead producers and consumers thereby
disintegrating these organisms' chemical composition.
bringing such back into the soil and water and enabling
the rain to sustain itself.
The term "decomposers" usually refers to
microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Animals
that act as decomposers are called scavengers or
saprotrophs.
03

27. THE
ECOLOGICAL
CYCLE

28. BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLE
involve the changing in form of certain
substances as they move through both the abiotic
and biotic components of the environment.
Among the substances that
undergo this process are Water,
Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
and Sulfur.

29. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
(WATER)
consists of the following
processes that tend to
overlap and sustain one
another;
involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth-
Atmosphere system. At its core,
the water cycle is the motion of the
water from the ground to the
atmosphere and back again.

30. EVAPORATION CONDENSATION
PRECIPITATION
changing of solar-
heated liquid surface
water into gaseous
form and eventual
escape into the
atmosphere
cloud formation
formation of ice
crystals /clouds in
the atmosphere
melting of ice
crystals into liquid
state in the form of
rain falling either on
the hydrosphere or
lithosphere
SURFACE RUNOFF
horizontal movement of water
that falls into bare soil, carrying
with it soil articles, until it goes
back to surface water bodies,
enabling the cycle to repeat
itself
INFILTRATION
is the physical process involving the
movement of water through the
boundary area where the
atmosphere interfaces with the soil.

31. ABSORPTION
absorb by plants
TRANSPIRATION
PERCOLATION
evaporation of water
through plant stomata
deposition of infiltrated water
into the impermeable rock
layer underneath the soil

32. NITROGEN CYCLE
is a process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms,
consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the organism,
and back into the atmosphere.
The Nitrogen cycle consists of nitrification, ammonification, and
denitrification.

33. NITROGEN CYCLE
AMMONIFICATION
is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia produced by this
process is excreted into the environment and is then available for nitrification.
.
NITRIFICATION
is the process that converts ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate and is another
important step in the global nitrogen cycle.
is formally a two-step process; in the first step ammonia is oxidized to nitrite, and in the
second step nitrite is oxidized to nitrate.

34. FIXATION MAY
BE PHYSICAL
OR
BIOLOGICAL
it occurs through the energy provided by natural
electrical discharges/lighting
PHYSICAL
01
which happens through the metabolic capacity of
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria found either in the root
nodules of leguminous plants or as free-living
microorganisms in the soil.
BIOLOGICAL
02

35. DENITRIFICATION
The fixed forms of Nitrogen
that do not become absorbed
by plants may undergo the
reverse process known as
denitrification which converts
the organic molecules back
into atmospheric N2.

36. CARBON CYCLE
is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms,
which travel from the atmosphere into
organisms on the Earth and then back into
the atmosphere over and over again.
Most carbon is stored in rocks and
sediments, while the rest is stored in the
ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms.

37. CARBON CYCLE
RESPIRATION
refers to the chemical process organisms use to release the energy from food, which
typically involves the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
also called as Carbon Fixation
it is a process in which plants absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight to create fuel for
building plant structures.

38. CARBON CYCLE
DECOMPOSITION
CO2 released through decomposition may either become incorporated back into the
atmosphere or dissolved in water through dissolution.
When the animals die, they decompose, and their remains become sediment, trapping the
stored carbon in layers that eventually turn into rock or minerals. Some of this sediment
might form fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, which release carbon back into the
atmosphere when the fuel is burned.
DISSOLUTION
Dissolution forms carbonates (CO3-2) which may either form rock layers or be washed
away through weathering and surface run-off to become deposited in river beds and
ocean basins via precipitation.

39. CARBON CYCLE
WEATHERING
Rock weathering moves carbon from the atmosphere into the lithosphere by dissolving
rocks, washing the constituents into the oceans, and depositing it in new sediment on the
sea floor.
SURFACE RUN-OFF
Although most of the carbon loss from the soil reservoir occurs through respiration, some
carbon is transported away by water running off over the soil surface. This runoff is
eventually transported to the oceans by rivers.
PRECIPITATION
Commonly known as acid rain, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can mix with rainwater
to form a weak carbonic acid. When precipitation happens carbon flows back to the land
and oceans.

40. CARBON CYCLE
VOLCANISM
shall enable the carbonates to be mixed back into the soil and rock layers in the
lithosphere.
Long-term storage of organic carbon occurs when matter from living organisms is buried
deep underground or sinks to the bottom of the ocean and forms sedimentary rock.
Volcanic activity and, more recently, human burning of fossil fuels bring this stored carbon
back into the carbon cycle.

41. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
is the cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of
phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material.
Upon decomposition, the phosphate in organisms again undergoes
dissolution, weathering, surface run-off, precipitation, and volcanism, and
during any of these processes, it may once again be able to enter the food
chain

42. SULFUR CYCLE
describes the movement of sulfur through the atmosphere, mineral forms, and
through living things. Although sulfur is primarily found in sedimentary rocks or sea water,
it is particularly important to living things because it is a component of many proteins.
Sulfate and metal Sulfide are among the natural inorganic components of the soil
which when dissolved in soil water may undergo absorption by plants, at which point they
become converted into organic sulfur.
The organic sulfur would be used for plant growth and development and would be passed
on to other organisms through the food chain.

43. SULFUR CYCLE
Decomposition would degrade the organic sulfur back into its sulfate and metal
sulfide forms which may either be reabsorbed by plants or may remain in soil to be
weathered, eroded, and precipitated into river beds and ocean floors where they
either accumulate or enter the aquatic food chain.
Volcanism releases Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate that may combine with
atmospheric water vapor and become deposited back into the soil during
precipitation

44. THANK
YOU!
Group 4
Geenina Faye Aringo
Christine Mary Endozo
Hilliry Ann Pelones
Nina Rose Lasin
Gritz Matanguihan
Zedric Pasco
Christian Sorne