Unit-III, Human Anatomy & Physiology-I, , Disorders of blood, types, causes, symptoms & management.pptx

Blood disorders, also known as hematologic disorders, affect the components of blood, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and plasma. These disorders can disrupt the normal functioning of the blood, leading to a wide range of health problems. Blood disorders can be inherited or acquired and may affect oxygen transport, immune function, clotting, or overall blood composition.

1. Definition, causes, symptoms & management of Disorders of Blood For B. Pharm. 1 st semester By Vishal Singh Assistant Professor, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences- Kanpur

2. Definition Blood disorders, also known as hematologic disorders, affect the components of blood, including  red blood cells (RBCs) ,  white blood cells (WBCs) , platelets , and   plasma . These disorders can disrupt the normal functioning of the blood, leading to a wide range of health problems. Blood disorders can be inherited or acquired and may affect oxygen transport, immune function, clotting, or overall blood composition . Blood disorders can significantly impact quality of life, but early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve outcomes.

3. Anemia A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues . Causes : Iron-deficiency anemia:   inadequate iron intake, blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or poor absorption. Vitamin-deficiency anemia :  Lack of vitamin B12 or folate. Hemolytic anemia:  Premature destruction of red blood cells (e.g., autoimmune disorders, sickle cell anemia). Aplastic anemia:  Bone marrow failure leading to reduced production of RBCs. Chronic diseases:   kidney disease or cancer can impair RBC production .

4. Anemia Symptoms: Fatigue and weakness Pale skin Shortness of breath Dizziness or lightheadedness Cold hands and feet Rapid or irregular heartbeat Management: Iron-deficiency anemia:  Iron supplements, dietary changes (iron-rich foods like spinach, red meat). Vitamin-deficiency anemia:   Vitamin B12 or folate supplements. Hemolytic anemia:  Treat underlying cause, immuno-suppressants , or blood transfusions. Aplastic anemia:  Bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressive therapy.

5. Leukemia A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells . Causes : Genetic mutations Exposure to radiation or chemicals (e.g., benzene) Family history of leukemia Certain viral infections (e.g., HTLV-1)

6. Leukemia Symptoms: Fatigue and weakness Frequent infections Unexplained weight loss Easy bruising or bleeding Swollen lymph nodes Bone pain Management: Chemotherapy :  Primary treatment to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy :  Targets cancer cells in specific areas. Bone marrow transplant : Replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells. Targeted therapy :  Drugs that specifically target cancer cells.

7. Lymphoma A cancer of the lymphatic system, which includes the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. Causes : Genetic predisposition Immune system disorders Infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus, HIV) Exposure to certain chemicals

8. Lymphoma Symptoms: Swollen lymph nodes (neck, armpits, groin) Fatigue Unexplained weight loss Night sweats Fever Itchy skin Management: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy:  Main treatments for lymphoma. Immunotherapy :  Boosts the immune system to fight cancer. Stem cell transplant :  For advanced or recurrent cases.

9. Thrombocytopenia A condition characterized by a low platelet count, leading to impaired blood clotting and increased bleeding risk. Causes : Immune system destruction of platelets (e.g., immune thrombocytopenic purpura) Bone marrow disorders (e.g., leukemia, aplastic anemia) Medications (e.g., heparin, chemotherapy drugs) Viral infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C)

10. Thrombocytopenia Symptoms: Easy bruising Prolonged bleeding from cuts Petechiae (tiny red spots on the skin) Nosebleeds or gum bleeding Heavy menstrual bleeding Management: Medications:  Corticosteroids, immuno-suppressants , or platelet-boosting drugs. Platelet transfusions:  For severe cases. Treat underlying cause: Address infections, discontinue offending medications.

11. Hemophilia A genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding. Causes : Inherited genetic mutations (X-linked recessive disorder) Spontaneous mutations (rare)

12. Hemophilia Symptoms: Prolonged bleeding after injuries or surgeries Spontaneous bleeding into joints or muscles Easy bruising Nosebleeds Blood in urine or stool Management: Clotting factor replacement therapy:  Regular infusions of missing clotting factors. Desmopressin (DDAVP ): Stimulates the release of clotting factors in mild hemophilia. Gene therapy:  Emerging treatment to correct the genetic defect.

13. Thalassemia A group of inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, leading to anemia . Causes : Genetic mutations affecting hemoglobin synthesis . Symptoms : Fatigue and weakness Pale or yellowish skin Facial bone deformities (in severe cases) Slow growth in children Enlarged spleen

14. Thalassemia Management: Blood transfusions:  Regular transfusions to maintain hemoglobin levels. Iron chelation therapy:  To remove excess iron from repeated transfusions. Bone marrow transplant:  Curative option for severe cases.

15. Polycythemia Vera A rare blood disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, thickening the blood and increasing the risk of clots . Causes : Genetic mutations (e.g., JAK2 mutation)

16. Polycythemia Vera Symptoms: Headaches and dizziness Itchy skin (especially after a warm bath) Redness or flushing of the skin Fatigue Shortness of breath Management: Phlebotomy:  Regular removal of blood to reduce red blood cell count. Medications:  Hydroxyurea to suppress bone marrow activity. Low-dose aspirin:  To prevent blood clots.

17. Multiple Myeloma A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal antibodies . Causes : Genetic mutations Exposure to radiation or chemicals

18. Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: Bone pain (especially in the back or ribs) Fatigue Frequent infections Kidney problems Anemia Management: Chemotherapy:  To kill cancer cells. Stem cell transplant:  For eligible patients. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy:  To specifically target cancer cells.

19. Thank You