Unit-IV, Human Anatomy & Physiology-I, Disorders of eye, ear, nose & tongue.pptx

Students get to know in the brief about various disorders of sensory organs such as eye, ear, nose and tongue

1. DISORDERS OF VISION, AUDITORY, GUSTATION & OLFACTION Prepared by: Mr. Vishal Singh Assistant Professor, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences, Kanpur

2. Disorders of Vision Vision disorders can affect various aspects of visual perception, including clarity, color perception, depth perception, and the ability to see in different lighting conditions . 1. Refractive Errors: Myopia (Nearsightedness): Individuals with myopia can see close objects clearly but have difficulty seeing objects at a distance. Hyperopia (Farsightedness): This condition makes it difficult to see close objects clearly, while distant objects may be seen more clearly. Astigmatism: Astigmatism results from an uneven cornea or lens curvature, causing blurred vision at any distance.

3. Disorders of Vision 2. Presbyopia: This age-related condition usually begins around the age of 40, causing difficulty in focusing on close objects due to the natural aging process of the eye. 3. Cataracts: Cataracts occur when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to blurred or hazy vision. This condition is common in older individuals but can also occur due to injury or congenital factors. 4. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure within the eye. This can result in peripheral vision loss and, if left untreated, may lead to blindness.

4. Disorders of Vision Macular Degeneration : Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula, the central part of the retina. It can lead to a gradual loss of central vision, making it challenging to read, drive, or recognize faces. Diabetic Retinopathy : Diabetes can damage blood vessels in the retina, leading to diabetic retinopathy. This condition can cause vision impairment and, in severe cases, blindness . Color Vision Deficiency : Commonly known as color blindness , this genetic condition impairs the ability to perceive certain colors accurately. The most common type is red-green color blindness.

5. Disorders of Vision Lazy Eye (Amblyopia ): This condition typically begins in childhood when one eye doesn't develop properly, leading to reduced vision in that eye. It may result from strabismus (misaligned eyes) or a significant difference in refractive error between the eyes. Strabismus : Strabismus refers to misalignment of the eyes, causing one eye to turn in, out, up, or down. It can lead to double vision and, if not corrected, may result in amblyopia. Night Blindness : Night blindness is often associated with vitamin A deficiency and affects the ability to see in low-light conditions.

6. Disorders of sense of hearing Conductive Hearing Loss : This type of hearing loss occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves through the outer or middle ear. Causes include earwax buildup, ear infections, fluid in the middle ear, or structural abnormalities. Conductive hearing loss is often treatable through medical or surgical interventions. Sensorineural Hearing Loss : Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve. Causes include age-related degeneration ( presbycusis ), exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medications, and illnesses. Sensorineural hearing loss is generally permanent, but hearing aids or cochlear implants may help manage the condition.

7. Disorders of sense of h earing Presbycusis : A ge-related hearing loss, typically affecting individuals as they get older. It involves a gradual decline in hearing due to changes in the inner ear and is often associated with difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds and understanding speech in noisy environments . Meniere's Disease : Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that can cause episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to fluid imbalances in the inner ear.

8. Disorders of sense of h earing Tinnitus : Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears without an external source. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, including exposure to loud noises, age-related hearing loss, earwax blockage, or certain medical conditions. Otosclerosis : Otosclerosis is an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that can cause hearing loss. It often affects the stapes bone, interfering with its ability to vibrate and transmit sound waves to the inner ear. Surgical intervention can often restore hearing in cases of otosclerosis .

9. Disorders of sense of hearing Acoustic Neuroma: An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Symptoms may include hearing loss, tinnitus, and imbalance. Treatment options include surgery or radiation therapy.

10. Disorders of sense of taste Ageusia : Ageusia is the complete loss of the sense of taste. It can be caused by nerve damage, certain medications, infections, or underlying medical conditions. Individuals with ageusia may find it challenging to detect any flavors, leading to a significant impact on their eating habits. Hypogeusia : Hypogeusia is a reduced ability to taste. It can result from various factors, including aging, smoking, nutritional deficiencies, certain medications, or neurological disorders. Individuals with hypogeusia may experience a diminished perception of flavors. Dysgeusia : Dysgeusia refers to a distortion or alteration of the sense of taste. People with dysgeusia may perceive tastes differently than they actually are. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including medications, chemotherapy, pregnancy, hormonal changes, or oral health issues.

11. Disorders of sense of taste Metallic Taste : Some individuals may experience a persistent metallic taste in their mouths. This can be a side effect of medications, such as antibiotics, or may be associated with certain medical conditions, such as dysgeusia , acid reflux, or exposure to heavy metals. Burning Mouth Syndrome : Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a burning or tingling sensation in the mouth, often accompanied by taste disturbances . Xerostomia (Dry Mouth ): Dry mouth can lead to taste disorders as saliva plays a crucial role in taste perception. Medications, dehydration, certain medical conditions. Chemotherapy-Induced Taste Changes : Cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy, can lead to changes in taste perception.

12. Disorders of sense of taste Infections : Viral or bacterial infections affecting the taste buds or the nerves involved in taste perception can lead to temporary taste disturbances. Common colds, sinus infections, and upper respiratory infections are examples of conditions that may impact taste. Neurological Disorders : Neurological conditions, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Bell's palsy, can affect the nerves responsible for taste. Damage to the facial or glossopharyngeal nerves can lead to taste abnormalities.

13. Disorders of sense of smell Anosmia : Anosmia is the complete loss of the sense of smell. It can result from various factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), nasal polyps, head injuries, neurodegenerative diseases (like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's), or exposure to toxic chemicals . Hyposmia : Hyposmia refers to a reduced sense of smell, where individuals may have a diminished ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, hyposmia can be caused by various factors, including nasal polyps, sinus infections, head trauma, or certain medications.

14. Disorders of sense of smell Nasal Polyps : Nasal polyps are noncancerous growths in the nasal cavity that can obstruct the airflow and impact the sense of smell. They are often associated with chronic sinusitis and may require surgical intervention for removal. Sinusitis : Inflammation of the sinuses, known as sinusitis, can lead to a reduced sense of smell. Acute or chronic sinusitis may be caused by infections, allergies, or other factors that inflame the sinus linings. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections : Viral infections affecting the upper respiratory tract, such as the common cold or flu, can temporarily impair the sense of smell. This is often reversible as the infection resolves.

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