Unit V GE8076 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING

Unit V GE8076 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING by Dr. S. Selvaganesan

1. GE8076 Professional Ethics
in Engineering
by
Dr. S. SelvaganesanPh.D.(Malaysia)
Professor & HoD / IT
JJCET, Trichy.
Unit V

4. To download the Unit V ppt
slides, use the following link:
https://www.slideshare.net/DrSSelvaGanesan

5. UNIT V
GLOBAL ISSUES
MultinationalCorporations –
EnvironmentalEthics–ComputerEthics
–WeaponsDevelopment–Engineersas
Managers–ConsultingEngineers–
EngineersasExpertWitnessesand
Advisors–MoralLeadership–Codeof
conduct– CorporateSocial
Responsibility

6. GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
•Globalizationmeansintegrationof
countriesthroughcommerce,transferof
technology,andexchangeofinformation
andculture.
•Itincludesactingtogetherandinteracting
economiesthroughtrade,investment,loan,
developmentschemesandcapitalacross
countries.

7. GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
•Inadifferentsense,theseflowsinclude
knowledge,science,technology,skills,culture,
information,andentertainment,besideshuman
resource,tele-work,andoutsourcing.
•Thisinterdependencehasincreasedthecomplex
tensionsandrupturesamongthenations.
•Fortheengineers,theissuessuchas
multinationalorganizations,military
developmentandenvironmentalethicshave
assumedgreaterimportancefortheirvery
sustenanceandprogress.

8. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
MultinationalCorporations
•Organizations,whohaveestablishedbusinessin
morethanonecountry,arecalledMultinational
Corporation.
•Theheadquartersareinthehomecountryandthe
businessisextendedinmanyhostcountries.
•TheWesternorganizationsdoingbusinessin
less-economicallydeveloped(developing,and
overpopulated)countriesgaintheadvantangeof
inexpensivelabor,availabilityofnatural
resources,conducivetaxatmosphere,andvirgin
marketfortheproducts.

9. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
(MNC)
MultinationalCorporations
Advantagestohostcountries:
•Atthesametime,thedevelopingcountriesarealso
benefitedbyfreshjobopportunities,jobswithhigher
remunerationandchallenges,transferoftechnology,
andseveralsocialbenefitsbythewealthdeveloped.
•Butthishappensinvariablywithsomesocialand
culturaldisturbance.
DemeritsofMNCstohostcountries:
•Lossofjobsforthehomecountry,andlossor
exploitationofnaturalresources,political
instabilityforthehostcountriesaresomeofthe
threatsofglobalization.

10. •InternationalHumanRights
•Toknowwhatarethemoralresponsibilitiesand
obligationsofthemultinationalcorporations.
•Attheinternationallevel,theorganizationsare
expectedtoadopttheminimumlevels
•Values,suchasmutualsupport,loyalty,and
reciprocity.
•Negativedutyofrefrainingfromharmful
actionssuchasviolenceandfraud,and
•Basicfairnessandpracticaljusticeincaseof
conflicts.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

11. Multinational Corporation (MNC)
•InternationalHumanRights
•Theteninternationalrightstobetakencareof,inthis
contextare:
1.Rightoffreedomofphysicalmovementofpeople
2.Rightofownershipofproperties
3.Freedomfromtorture
4.Righttofairtrialontheproducts
5.Freedomfromdiscriminationonthebasisofraceor
sex.
6.Physicalsecurity
7.Freedomofspeechandformingassociation
8.Righttohaveaminimumeducation
9.Righttopoliticalparticipation
10.Righttoliveandexist
Theindividuallibertyandsanctityofthehumanlifeare
toberespectedbyallsocieties.

12. TechnologyTransfer
•Itisaprocessofmovingtechnologytoanew
settingandimplementingitthere.
•Technologyincludeshardware(machinesand
installations)andthetechniques(technical,
organizationalandmanagerialskillsand
procedures).
•Itmaymeanmovingthetechnologyapplications
fromlaboratorytothefield/factoryorfromone
countrytoanother.Thistransferiseffectedby
governments,organizations,universities,and
MNCs.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

13. AppropriateTechnology
•Identification,transfer,andimplementationofmost
suitabletechnologyforasetofnewsituations,is
calledAppropriateTechnology.
•Technologyincludesbothhardware(machinesand
installations)andsoftware(technical,organizational
andmanagerialskillsandprocedures).
•Dependingontheavailabilityofresources,physical
conditions(suchastemperature,humidity,salinity,
geographicallocation,isolatedlandarea,and
availabilityofwater),capitalopportunitycosts,and
thehumanvaluesystem(socialacceptability)which
includestheirtraditions,beliefs,andreligion,the
appropriatenessistobedetermined.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

14. AppropriateTechnology
•Example:
•Smallfarmersinourcountryprefertoownand
usethepowertillers,ratherthanthehigh-
poweredtractorsorsophisticatedharvesting
machines.
•Ontheotherhand,thelatesttechnological
device,thecellphonesandwirelesslocalloop
phoneshavefoundtheirwayintoremotevillages
andhamlets,thanthelandlinetelephone
connections.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

15. HowAppropriateisAppropriateTechnology(Aptech)?
•Acaseagainstthetechnologytransferisthattheimpactofborrowed
ortransferredtechnologyhasbeenthreateningtheenvironment
beyonditscapacityandsustainabledevelopmentofthehostcountries.
•Genetically-modifiedcottonhasshownsufficientdisturbancein
EuropeandAfrica.ThishasmadetheEuropeanUniontooppose
theentryofG.M.cottonintoEurope.
•Thehightechnologyhascontributedtolarge-scalemigrationfrom
villagestothecitieswherecorporationsarelocated,leadingtothe
undesirablesideeffectsofover-crowdingofcities,suchasthe
scarcityofwater,insanitation,poverty,andtheincreaseincrimes.
•Theterm‘appropriate’shouldemphasizethesocialacceptabilityand
environmentalprotectionofthehostcountries,andthisneedtobe
addressedwhiletransferringtechnology.Thus,weconfirmtheview
thatengineeringisacontinualsocialexperimentationwithnature.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

16. MNCsandMorality
Afewprinciplesareenlistedhere.
1.MNCshouldrespectthebasichumanrightsofthepeopleofthehost
countries.
2.TheactivitiesoftheMNCshouldgiveeconomicandtransfertechnical
benefits,andimplementwelfaremeasureoftheworkersofthehost
countries.
3.ThebusinesspracticesoftheMNCshouldimproveandpromotethe
culturesofthehostcountries.
4.Themultinationalsmustrespectthelawsandpoliticalsetup,besides
culturesandpromotetheculturesofthehostcountries.
5.Themultinationalorganizationsshouldprovideafairremunerationtothe
employeesofthehostcountries.Iftheremunerationishighasthatof
homecountry,thismaycreatetensionsandifitistoolow,itwillleadto
exploitation.
6.Multinationalinstitutionsshouldprovidenecessarysafetyfortheworkers
whentheyareengagedinhazardousactivitiesand‘informedconsent’
shouldbeobtainedfromthem.Adequatecompensationshouldbepaidto
themfortheadditionalrisksundertaken.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)

17. Case Study: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

18. EthicalBalance
•Shouldanorganizationadopttherulesandpracticesofthe
hostcountryfullyandfacedangersandotherconsequences?
OrAdoptstrictlytheirowncountry’sstandardsandpractices
inthehostcountry?
•Thereisasaying“WheninRomedoasRomansdo”.Canthis
beappliedinthecaseofMNCs?ThisiscalledEthical
Relativism.Theactionsofcorporationandindividualsthat
areacceptedbylaw,customandothervaluesofasocietycan
bemorallyrightinthatsociety.
•Itismorallyfalse,ifitisillogical.Itmeans,thecorporation
andtheengineersfunctioninginothercountriesmust
understandtheirlaw,customs,andbeliefs,andactinline
withthoseprevailinginthatcountry.
Multinational Corporation

19. EthicalBalance
•Ifthecountryisadevelopingonewherethesafetystandardsare
givenago-bye,thiswillleadtodisaster.
•Inaoverpopulatedcountry,thelossofhumanlivesmaynot
physicallyaffectthem,butthetragedycastshadowforover
decades,asithappenedinBhopalin1984.
•Thiswillbecriticizedfromthepointofviewofhumanrights,
publicwelfare,andrespecttopeople.Ontheotherhand,the
organizationsmaypracticelawsofthehomecountry,without
adjustmentstothehostculture.Thisstandiscalledethical
absolutism.
•Thisisagainfalse,sincethemoralprinciplesinadifferentculture
comeintoconflicts,andimplementationinthe‘hostileculture’is
almostimpossible.
•Hence,MNCsmayadoptethicalrelationalism(contextualize)asa
compromise.
Multinational Corporation

20. EthicalBalance
•Moraljudgmentsaremadeinrelationtothefactors
prevailinglocally,withoutframingrigidrules.
•Thejudgmentsshouldbecontextualandinlinewith
thecustomsofothercultures.
•Theethicalpluralismwhichviewsmorethanone
justifiablemoresolutionisalsoadaptable.
•Thisprincipleacceptsculturaldiversityandrespects
thelegitimateculturaldifferencesamong
individualsandgroups,ofthehostcountry.
Multinational Corporation

21. EnvironmentalEthicsisthestudyof
a)Moralissuesconcerningthe
environment,and
b)Moralperspectives,beliefs,or
attitudesconcerningthoseissues.
Environmental Ethics

22. Engineersinthepastareknownfortheir
negligenceofenvironment,intheiractivities.It
hasbecomeimportantnowthatengineers
designeco-friendlytools,machines,
sustainableproducts,processesandprojects.
Theseareessentialnowto
a)Ensureprotection(safety)ofenvironment.
b)Preventthedegradationofenvironment,
and
c)Slowdowntheexploitationofnatural
resources.
Environmental Ethics

24. Engineersasexperimentershavecertaindutiestowards
environmentalethics,namely.
1)EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentisthestudy
howtheindustryandtechnologyaffectsthe
environment.
2)Establishstandards:Studyandfixthetolerable
andactualpollutionlevels.
3)CounterMeasures:Studywhattheprotectiveor
eliminatingmeasuresareavailableforimmediate
implementation.
4)Environmentalawareness:Studyonhowto
educatethepeopleonenvironmentalpractices,
issues,andpossibleremedies.
Environmental Ethics

25. Therearemanyethicaldecisionsthathumanbeings
makewithrespecttotheenvironment.Forexample:
a)Shouldwecontinuetoclearcutforestsforthe
sakeofhumanconsumption?
b)Shouldwecontinuetopropagate?
c)Shouldwecontinuetomakegasolinepowered
vehicles?
d)Whatenvironmentalobligationsdoweneedto
keepforfuturegenerations?
e)Isitrightforhumanstoknowinglycausethe
extinctionofaspeciesfortheconvenienceof
humanity?
Environmental Ethics

26. CategoriesofEnvironmentalEthics:
Thefollowingarethecategoriesof
environmentalethics:
a)LibertarianExtension
b)EcologicExtension
c)ConservationEthics
Environmental Ethics

27. CategoriesofEnvironmentalEthics:
a)LibertarianExtension
Marshall’sLibertarianextensionechoesa
civillibertyapproach(i.e.acommitmentto
extendequalrightstoallmembersofa
community).Inenvironmentalism,though,
thecommunityisgenerallythoughtto
consistofnon-humansaswellashumans.
Environmental Ethics

28. CategoriesofEnvironmentalEthics
b.EcologicExtension
Ecologicextensionplacesemphasisnoton
humanrightsbutontherecognitionofthe
fundamentalinterdependenceofallbiological
(andsomeabiological)entitiesandtheiressential
diversity.
WhereasLibertarianExtensioncanbethoughtof
asflowingfromapoliticalreflectionofthe
naturalworld,ecologicextensionisbestthought
ofasascientificreflectionofthenaturalworld.
Environmental Ethics

29. CategoriesofEnvironmentalEthics:
c.ConservationEthics
‘Conservationethics'isanextensionofuse-valueintothe
non-humanbiologicalworld.Itfocusesonlyontheworth
oftheenvironmentintermsofitsutilityorusefulnessto
humans.
Itcontraststheintrinsicvalueideasof'deepecology',
henceisoftenreferredtoas'shallowecology',and
generallyarguesforthepreservationoftheenvironment
onthebasisthatithasextrinsicvalue–instrumentalto
thewelfareofhumanbeings.
Conservationisthereforeameanstoanendandpurely
concernedwithmankindandinter-generational
considerations.
Environmental Ethics

30. DISASTERS
1.PlasticWasteDisposal
2.e-WasteDisposal
3.IndustrialWasteDisposal
4.DepletionofOzoneLayer
5.GlobalWarming
6.AcidRain
Environmental Ethics

31. Environmental Ethics
1. Plastic Waste Disposal
In our country, several crores of plastic bottles are used as
containers for water and oil, and plastic bags are used to
pack different materials ranging from vegetables to gold
ornaments. Hardly any of these are recycled.
They end up in gutters, roadsides, and agricultural fields.
In all these destinations, they created havoc.
The worse still is the burning of plastic materials in streets
and camphor along with plastic cover in temples, since
they release toxic fumes and threaten seriously the air
quality.
Cities and local administration have to act on this, collect
and arrange for recycling through industries.

32. 2.e-WasteDisposal
Thepartsofcomputersandelectronicdeviceswhichhaveservedits
usefullifepresentamajorenvironmentalissueforallthedeveloping
countriesincludingIndia.Thisscrapcontainshighlytoxicelements
suchaslead,cadmium,andmercury.
Eventheradioactivewastewilllose89%ofitstoxicityafter200
years,bywhichtimeitwillbenomoretoxicthansomenatural
mineralsintheground.
Itwilllose99%ofitsremainingtoxicityoverthenext30,000years.
Thetoxicchemicalagentssuchasmercury,arsenic,andcadmium
retaintoxicityundiminishedforever.Butthesescrapsareillegally
importedbyunscrupulousagenciestosalvagesomecommercially
valuableinputs.
Insteadofspendingandmanagingonthescrap,unethical
organizationssellthemtocountriessuchasIndia.Thisisstrictlyin
violationoftheBaselConventionoftheUnitedNationsEnvironment
Program,whichhasbannedthemovementofhazardouswaste.
Environmental Ethics

33. e-WasteDisposal(contd..)
ArecentreportoftheBritishEnvironmentAgencyhasrevealedthat
thediscardedcomputers,televisionsets,refrigerators,mobilephones,
andelectricalequipmentshavebeendispatchedtoIndiaandPakistan
inlargequantity,forultimatedisposalinenvironmentally-
unacceptablewaysandatgreatrisktothehealthofthelabour.
EvenintheWest,theelectronicjunkhasbeenposingproblems.Strong
regulationincluding(a)pressureonindustriestosetupdisassembling
facilities,
(b)banondisposalinlandfillsites,
(c)legislationforrecyclingrequirementsforthesejunkand
(d)policyincentivesforeco-friendlydesignareessentialforevery
country.
Everycountryneedsregulationstodefinewaste,measurestostop
illegalimports,andinstitutionalstructurestohandlesafedisposalof
domesticindustrialscrap.
Environmental Ethics

34. 3.IndustrialWasteDisposal
Waterthatisdischargedfromindustries,forexample,canpolluterivers
andlakeswithsubstanceslikechemicals,waste,anddyes.Thiswater
pollutioncankillwildlifeandharmtheoverallecosystem,andtheeffects
ofpollutedwaterhaveleftseveralplantandanimalspeciesendangered.
Longtermexposuretopollutedairandwatercauseschronichealth
problems,makingtheissueofindustrialpollutionintoasevereone.It
alsolowerstheairqualityinsurroundingareaswhichcausesmany
respiratorydisorders.
Toxicwaste/Hazardouswaste,chemicalwaste,industrialsolidwasteand
municipalsolidwastearedesignationsofindustrialwastes.
Industrialwastescanbeclassifiedonthebasisoftheir
characteristics:
Wasteinsolidform,butsomepollutantswithinareinliquidor
fluidform,e.g.crockeryindustryorwashingofmineralsorcoal
Wasteindissolvedandthepollutantisintheliquidform,e.g.
dairyindustry
Environmental Ethics

35. 3.IndustrialWasteDisposal(contd.)
Anotherobviouseffectofindustrialwasteisairpollutionresulting
fromfossilfuelburning.Thisaffectsthelivesofmanypeople
becausethisspreadsillnesses.Overtime,thisissuethathasbeen
widespread.
Oneofthemostdevastatingeffectsofindustrialwasteiswater
pollution.Formostindustrialprocesses,heavyamountofwateris
usedwhichcomesincontactwithharmfulchemicals.These
chemicalsareusuallymetalsorradioactivematerial.Thisheavily
effectstheenvironmentbecausemostofwasteendsupinoceans,
lakes,orrivers.Asaresult,waterbecomespollutedposingashealth
hazardtoeveryone.Farmersrelyonthiswaterbutifthewateris
polluted,thencropsthatareproducedcanbecomepolluted
Environmental Ethics

36. 3.IndustrialWasteDisposal(contd.)
Industrialwastescontainingtoxicpollutantsorhigh
concentrationsofotherpollutants(suchasammonia)
requirespecializedtreatmentsystems.
Therehasbeenalotofcomplaintsthroughthemedia,on
WhenIndiancompaniesimportedthediscardedFrench
WarshipClemenceaufordisposal,thepoisonousasbestos
compoundswereexpectedtopollutetheatmosphere
besidesexposingthelabortoagreatrisk,duringthe
disposal.FortunatelyforIndians,theFrenchGovernment
intervenedandwithdrewtheship,andtheseriousthreat
wasaverted!
Environmental Ethics

37. 4.DepletionofOzoneLayer
Theozonelayerprotectstheentireplanetfromtheill-effects
ofultravioletradiationandisvitalforalllivingorganismsin
thisworld.
ButitiseatenawaybytheChloro-fluro-carbons(CFC)such
asFreonemanatingfromtherefrigerators,airconditioners,
andaerosolcanspray.
Thishascausedalsoskincancertosun-bathersinthe
Westerncountries.FurtherNOandNO2gaseswerealso
foundtoreactwiththeozone.
Apartfromengineers,theorganizations,lawsofthecountry
andlocaladministrationandmarketmechanismsare
requiredtotakeupconcertedeffortstoprotectthe
environment.
Environmental Ethics

38. 5.GlobalWarming
Overthepast30years,theEarthhaswarmedby0.6°C.Overthelast
100years,ithaswarmedby0.8°C.Itislikelytopushuptemperature
by3oCby2100,accordingtoNASA’sstudies.
TheU.S.administrationhasacceptedtherealityofglobalclimate
change,whichhasbeenassociatedwithstrongerhurricanes,severe
droughts,intenseheatwavesandthemeltingofpolarice.
Greenhousegases,notablycarbondioxideemittedbymotorvehicles
andcoal-firedpowerplants,trapheatliketheglasswallsofa
greenhouse,causetheEarthtowarmup.
Delegatesfromthesixcountries—Australia,China,India,Japan,
SouthKoreaandUSmetinCaliforniainApril2006forthefirst
workingsessionoftheAsia-PacificPartnershiponClean
DevelopmentandClimate.
Thesesixcountriesaccountforabouthalfoftheworld’semissionsof
climate-heatinggreenhousegases.
Environmental Ethics

39. 6.AcidRain
Largeemissionsofsulphuroxidesandnitrous
oxidesarebeingreleasedintotheairfromthe
thermalpowerstationsusingthefossilfuels,and
severalprocessingindustries.
Thesegasesformcompoundswithwaterintheair
andprecipitatesasrainorsnowontotheearth.
Theacidraininsomepartsoftheworldhascaused
sufficientdamagetothefertilityofthelandandto
thehumanbeings.
Environmental Ethics

40. Environmental Ethics
Human-centeredEnvironmentalEthics
Thisapproachassumesthatonlyhumanbeingshaveinherent
moralworthdulytobetakencareof.
Otherlivingbeingandecosystemsareonlyinstrumentalin
nature.Utilitarianismaimstomaximizegoodconsequencesfor
humanbeings.Mostofthegoodsareengineeredproducts
madeoutofnaturalresources.
Humanbeingshavealso(a)recreationalinterests(enjoyleisure
throughmountaineering,sports,andpastimes),(b)aesthetic
interests(enjoynatureasfromseeingwaterfallsandsnow-clad
mountains),(c)scientificintereststoexploreintonatureor
processes,and(d)abasicinteresttosurvive,bypreservationas
wellasconservationofnatureandnaturalresources.
Rightsethicistsfavorthebasicrightstoliveandrighttoliberty,
torealisetherighttoaliveinasupportiveenvironment.

41. Environmental Ethics
NaturecenteredEnvironmentalEthics
Further,virtueethicsstressesimportanceofprudence,humility,
appreciationofnaturalbeauty,andgratitudetothemothernature
thatprovideseverything.
However,thenature-centeredethics,whichensurestheworthof
alllivingbeingsandorganisms,seemstobemoreappropriatein
thepresent-daycontext.
ManyAsianreligionsstresstheunitywithnature,ratherthan
dominationandexploitation.
TheZenBuddhismcallsforasimplelifewithcompassion
towardshumansandotheranimals.
Hinduismenshrinestheidealofoneness(advaitha)inand
principleofahimsatoalllivingbeings.Itidentifiesallthehuman
beings,animals,andplantsasdivine.
Theeco-balanceistheneedofthehourandtheengineersarethe
rightexperimenterstoachievethis.

42. COMPUTER ETHICS
Computerethicsisdefinedas
(a)studyandanalysisofnatureandsocialimpactof
computertechnology,
(b)formulationandjustificationofpolicies,forethical
useofcomputers.
Thissubjecthasbecomerelevanttotheprofessionals
suchasdesignersofcomputers,programmers,system
analysts,systemmanagers,andoperators.
Theuseofcomputershaveraisedahostofmoral
concernssuchasfreespeech,privacy,intellectual
propertyright,andphysicalaswellasmentalharm.
Thereappearstobenoconceptualframeworkavailable
onethics,tostudyandunderstandandresolvethe
problemsincomputertechnology.

43. Computer Ethics
Types of Issues
Different types of problems are found in computer
ethics.
1. Computer as the Instrument of Unethical Acts
2. Computer as the Object of Unethical Act
3. Problems Related to the Autonomous Nature of
Computer

44. Computer Ethics
1.ComputerastheInstrumentofUnethicalActs
(a)Theusageofcomputerreplacesthejobpositions.
Thishasbeenovercometoalargeextentby
readjustingworkassignments,andtrainingeveryone
oncomputerapplicationssuchaswordprocessing,
editing,andgraphics.
(b)Breakingprivacy.Informationordataofthe
individualsaccessedorerasedortheownership
changed.
(c)Defraudabankoraclient,byaccessingand
withdrawingmoneyfromother’sbankaccount.

45. Computer Ethics
2.ComputerastheObjectofUnethicalAct
Thedataareaccessedanddeletedorchanged.
(a)Hacking:Thesoftwareisstolenorinformationisaccessed
fromothercomputers.Thismaycausefinanciallosstothe
businessorviolationofprivacyrightsoftheindividualsor
business.Incaseofdefenseinformationbeinghacked,thismay
endangerthesecurityofthenation.
(b)Spreadingvirus:Throughmailorotherwise,other
computersareaccessedandthefilesareerasedorcontents
changedaltogether.‘Trojanhorses’areimplantedtodistortthe
messagesandfilesbeyondrecovery.Thisagaincausesfinancial
lossormentaltorturetotheindividuals.Somehackersfeelthat
theyhavejustifiedtheirrightoffreeinformationortheydoitfor
fun.However,theseactsarecertainlyunethical.
(c)Healthhazard:Thecomputersposethreatduringtheiruseas
wellasduringdisposal.

46. Computer Ethics
3.ProblemsrelatedtotheAutonomousNatureofComputer
(a)Securityrisk:RecentlytheTokyoStockExchangefaceda
majorembarrassment.Aseeminglycasualmistakebyajunior
traderofalargesecurityhouseledtohugelossesincluding
thatofreputation.Theorderthroughtheexchange’strading
systemwastosellonesharefor600,000Yen.Insteadthe
traderkeyedinasaleorderfor600,000sharesattherateof
oneYeneach.Naturallythesharesonofferattheridiculously
lowpricewerelappedup.Andonlyafewbuyersagreedto
reversethedeal!Thelosstothesecuritiesfirmwassaidtobe
huge,runningintoseveralhundredthousands.Moreimportant
tonote,suchanobviousmistakecouldnotbecorrectedby
someoftheadvancedtechnologyavailable.Foradvanced
countrieslikeJapanwhohaveimbibedthelatesttechnology,
thiswouldbeanewkindoflearningexperience.

47. Computer Ethics
3.ProblemsrelatedtotheAutonomousNatureofComputer(Contd.)
(b)Lossofhumanlives:Riskandlossofhumanliveslostby
computer,intheoperationalcontrolofmilitaryweapons.
Thereisadangerousinstabilityinautomateddefense
system.Anunexpectederrorinthesoftwareorhardwareor
aconflictduringinterfacingbetweenthetwo,maytriggera
seriousattackandcauseirreparablehumanlossbeforethe
erroristraced.TheChineseembassywasbombedbyU.S.
militaryinIraqafewyearsback,butenquiriesrevealedthat
thebuildingwasshowninapreviousmapasthebuilding
whereinsurgentsstayed.
(c)Inflexiblemanufacturingsystems,theautonomous
computerisbeneficialinobtainingcontinuousmonitoring
andautomaticcontrol.

48. ComputersinWorkplace
Theethicalproblemsinitiatedbycomputersintheworkplaceare:
1.Eliminationofroutineandmanualjobs.Thisleadsto
unemployment,butthecreationofskilledandIT-enabled
servicejobsaremoreadvantageousforthepeople.
2.Healthandsafety:Theill-effectsduetoelectromagnetic
radiation,especiallyonwomenandpregnantemployees,
mentalstress,wristproblemknownasCarpelTunnel
Syndrome,andbackpainduetopoorergonomicseating
designs,andeyestrainduetopoorlightingandflickersinthe
displayandlongexposure,havebeenreportedworldwide.
3.Computerfailure:Failureincomputersmaybedueto
errorsinthehardwareorsoftware.Hardwareerrorsarerare
andtheycanbesolvedeasilyandquickly.Butsoftwareerrors
areveryseriousastheycanstoptheentirenetwork.
Computer Ethics

49. PropertyIssues
Thepropertyissuesconcernedwiththecomputersare:
1.Computershavebeenusedtoextortmoneythroughanonymous
telephonecalls.
2.Computersareusedtocheatandstealbycurrentaswellasprevious
employees.
3.Cheatingofandstealingfromthecustomersandclients.
4.Violationofcontractsoncomputersalesandservices.
5.Conspiracyasagroup,especiallywiththeinternet,todefraudthe
gullible,stealingtheidentityandtoforgedocuments.
6.Violationofpropertyrights:Isthesoftwareaproperty?Thesoftware
couldbeeitheraProgram(analgorithm,indicatingthestepsinsolvinga
problem)oraSourcecode(thealgorithminageneralcomputer
languagesuchasFORTAN,CandCOBOLoranObjectcode(to
translatethesourcecodeintothemachinelanguage).Howdoweapply
theconceptofpropertyhere?Thisdemandsaframeworkforethical
judgments.
Computer Ethics

50. ComputerCrime
Theethicalfeaturesinvolvedincomputercrimeare:
1.PhysicalSecurity
Thecomputersaretobeprotectedagainsttheft,fire,and
physicaldamage.Thiscanbeachievedbyproperinsurance
ontheassets.
2.Logicalsecurity
Theaspectsrelatedare(a)theprivacyoftheindividualsor
organizations,(b)confidentiality,(c)integrity,toensurethat
themodificationofdataorprogramaredoneonlybythe
authorizedpersons,(d)uninterruptedservice.Thisis
achievedbyinstallingappropriateuninterruptedpower
supplyorback-upprovisions,and(e)protectionagainst
hackingthatcausesdislocationordistortion.
Computer Ethics

51. ComputerCrime(contd.)
Majorweaknessesinthisdirectionare:
(a)thedifficultyintracingtheevidenceinvolvedand
(b)absenceofstringentpunishmentagainstthecrime.
TheoriginofathreattotheCentralGovernmentposted
fromanobscurebrowsingcenter,remainedunsolvedfor
quitealongtime.
Manytimes,suchcrimeshavebeentraced,butthereare
noclearcyberlawstopunishanddeterthecriminals.
Computer Ethics

52. PrivacyandAnonymity
Thedatatransmissionandaccessibilityhaveimprovedtremendouslyby
usingthecomputers,buttherighttoprivacyhasbeenthreatenedtoa
greatextent.Someissuesconcernedwiththeprivacyarelisted
hereunder:
1.RecordsofEvidence
Servicerecordsorcriminalrecordsandthedetailsofpeoplecanbe
storedandaccessedtoprovetheinnocenceorguilty.Recordson
psychiatrictreatmentbymedicalpractitionersorhospital,orrecords
ofmembershipoforganizationsmaysometimeembarrassthepersons
inlateryears.
2.Hacking
Therearecomputerenthusiastswhowillfullyorforfun,plantvirusor
“Trojanhorses”thatmayfillthediscspace,falsifyinformation,erase
files,andevenharmthehardware.Theybreakdownthefunctioning
ofcomputersandcanbetreatedasviolationofpropertyrights.
Computer Ethics

53. PrivacyandAnonymity(contd.)
3.LegalResponse
IntheIndianscene,theRighttoInformationAct2005provides
therighttothecitizenstosecureaccesstoinformationunder
thecontrolofpublicauthorities,includingthedepartmentsof
thecentralgovernment,stategovernments,governmentbodies,
publicsectorcompaniesandpublicsectorbanks,topromote
transparencyandaccountabilityofpublicauthorities.
Righttoinformation:UndertheAct,section2(j),therightto
informationincludestherightto(1)Inspectworks,documents,
records,(2)takenotes,extractsorcertifiedcopiesofdocuments
orrecords,(3)takecertifiedsamplesofmaterial,and(4)obtain
informationintheformofprintouts,diskettes,floppies,tapes,
videocassettesorinanyotherelectronicmode.
Computer Ethics

54. PrivacyandAnonymity(contd.)
4.Anonymity
Anonymityinthecomputercommunicationhassome
meritsaswellasdemerits.Whileseekingmedicalor
psychologicalcounselingordiscussion(chat)ontopics,
suchasAIDS,abortion,gayrights,theanonymityoffers
protection(againstrevealingtheiridentity).But
frequently,anonymityismisusedbysomepeoplefor
moneylaundering,drugtraffickingandpreyinguponthe
vulnerable.
Computer Ethics

55. ProfessionalResponsibility
Thecomputerprofessionalsshouldbeawareofdifferentconflictsof
interestsastheytransactwithotheratdifferentlevels.
TheIEEEandAssociationforComputingMachinery(ACM)have
establishedthecodesofethicstomanagesuchresponsibilities.
Computer Ethics
TheBigNet
Almostallthecountriesarenowconnectedbytheinternet.Butthereare
nointernationallawstoregulatetheissuesoffreedomofspeech,
intellectualpropertyrights,privacyrightsetc.
Anotherdevelopmentinthisdirectionis,theuniversitiesoffering
degrees-on-line.ThirdWorldiscertainlygainingknowledgeand
education.
EvenGoogle.comhasannouncedplanstopublishresearchpapers
throughtheWorldWideWeb.Knowledgeispower.
Knowledgeisinternationalised!Willthisleadtoempowermentofthe
ThirdWorldandpromotionofWorldpeace?Onlythefuturecananswer
thisquestion.

56. Militaryactivitiesincludingtheworldwarshavestimulatedthe
growthoftechnology.ThegrowthofInternetamplyillustratesthis
fact.
Engineersinvolveinweaponsdevelopmentbecauseofthefollowing
reasons:
1.Itgivesonejobwithhighsalary.
2.Onetakesprideandhonorinparticipatingintheactivitiestowards
thedefenseofthenation(patrioticfervor).
3.Onebelievesthehefightsawaronterrorismandtherebycontribute
topeaceandstabilityofthecountry.Ironically,thewarshavenever
wonpeace,onlypeacecanwinpeace!
4.Byresearchanddevelopment,theengineerisreducingoreliminating
theriskfromenemyweapons,andsavingone’scountryfrom
disaster.
5.Bybuilding-uparsenalsandshowofforce,acountrycanforcethe
roguecountry,towardsregulation.
WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT

57. Characteristics
Thecharacteristicsofengineersasmanagersare:
1.Promoteanethicalclimate,throughframing
organizationpolicies,responsibilitiesandbypersonal
attitudesandobligations.
2.Resolvingconflicts,byevolvingpriority,developing
mutualunderstanding,generatingvariousalternative
solutionstoproblems.
3.Socialresponsibilitytostakeholders,customersand
employers.Theyacttodevelopwealthaswellasthe
welfareofthesociety.
ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

58. ManagingConflicts
Insolvingconflicts,forceshouldnotberesorted.Infact,the
conflictsituationsshouldbetolerated,understood,and
resolvedbyparticipationbyalltheconcerned.The
conflictsincaseofprojectmanagersariseinthefollowing
manners:
(a)Conflictsbasedonschedules:Thishappensbecauseof
variouslevelsofexecution,priorityandlimitationsofeach
level.
(b)Conflictsarisingoutoffixingtheprioritytodifferent
projectsordepartments.Thisistobearrivedatfromthe
endrequirementsanditmaychangefromtimetotime.
(c)Conflictbasedontheavailabilityofpersonnel.
ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

59. ManagingConflicts(contd.)
(d)Conflictovertechnical,economic,andtimefactorssuch
ascost,time,andperformancelevel.
(e)Conflictarisinginadministrationsuchasauthority,
responsibility,accountability,andlogisticsrequired.
(f)Conflictsofpersonality,humanpsychologyandego
problems.
(g)Conflictoverexpenditureanditsdeviations.
ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

60. ManagingConflicts(contd.)
Mostoftheconflictscanberesolvedbyfollowingtheprincipleslisted
here:
1.People
Separatepeoplefromtheproblem.Itimpliesthattheviewsofall
concernedshouldbeobtained.Thequestionssuchaswhat,why,and
whentheerrorwascommittedismoreimportantthantoknowwho
committedit.Thisimpersonalapproachwillleadtonotonlyearly
solutionbutalsootherswillbepreventedfromcommittingerrors.
2.Interests
Focusmustbeonlyoninteresti.e.,theethicalattitudesormotivesand
notonthepositions(i.e.,statedviews).Asuppliermayrequire
commissionlargerthanusualprevailingrateforanagricultural
product.Butthepastanalysismaytellusthatthematerialisnot
cultivatedregularlyandthemonsoonposessomeadditionalrisk
towardsthesupply.Mutualinterestsmustberespectedtoa
maximumlevel.Whatisrightismoreimportantthanwhoisright!
ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

61. ManagingConflicts(Contd.)
3.Options
Generatevariousoptionsassolutionstotheproblem.This
helpsamanagertotrythenextbestsolutionshouldthe
firstonefails.Decisiononalternatesolutionscanbe
takenmoreeasilyandwithoutlossoftime.
4.Evaluation
Theevaluationoftheresultsshouldbebasedonsome
specifiedobjectivessuchasefficiency,quality,and
customersatisfaction.Moreimportantisthatthemeans,
notonlythegoals,shouldbeethical.
ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

62. NatureofworkforEngineersasConsulting
Engineers
Theconsultingengineersworkinprivate.
Thereisnosalaryfromtheemployers.But
theychargefeesfromthesponsorandthey
havemorefreedomtodecideontheirprojects.
Stilltheyhavenoabsolutefreedom,because
theyneedtoearnfortheirliving.
Theconsultingengineershaveethical
responsibilitiesdifferentfromthesalaried
engineers,asfollows:
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

63. EthicalResponsibilitiesofConsultingEngineers/
(MajorareaofworkforEngineeringConsultants)
Theconsultingengineershaveethical
responsibilitiesdifferentfromthesalaried
engineers,asfollows:
1.Advertising
2.Competitivebidding
3.Contingencyfees
4.Safetyandclientneeds
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

64. 1.ADVERTISING
Theconsultingengineersaredirectlyresponsibleforadvertisingtheirservices,
eveniftheyemployotherconsultantstoassistthem.Butinmany
organisations,thisresponsibilityiswiththeadvertisingexecutivesandthe
personneldepartment.Theyareallowedtoadvertisebuttoavoiddeceptive
ones.Deceptiveadvertisingsuchasthefollowingareprohibited:
(a)Bywhitelies.
(b)Half-truth,e.g.,aproducthasactuallybeentestedasprototype,butitwas
claimedtohavebeenalreadyintroducedinthemarket.Anarchitectshows
thephotographofthecompletedbuildingwithfloweringtreesaroundbut
actuallythefoundationofthebuildinghasbeencompletedandthereisno
realgarden.
(c)Exaggeratedclaims.Theconsultantmighthaveplayedasmallroleina
well-knownproject.Buttheycouldclaimtohaveplayedamajorrole.
(d)Makingfalsesuggestions.Thereductionincostmighthavebeenachieved
alongwiththereductioninstrength,butthestrengthdetailsarehidden.
(e)Throughvaguewordingsorslogans.
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

65. 2.COMPETITIVEBIDDING
Itmeansofferingaprice,andgetsomethinginreturnfor
theserviceoffered.Theorganizationshaveapoolof
engineers.Theexpertisecanbesharedandthebiddingis
mademorerealistic.Buttheindividualconsultantshaveto
developcreativedesignsandbuildtheirreputationsteadily
andcarefully,overaperiodoftime.Theclientswillhave
tochoosebetweenthereputedorganizationsandproven
qualificationsofthecompanyandtheexpertiseofthe
consultants.Althoughcompetent,theyoungerconsultants
arethusslightlyatadisadvantage.
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

66. 3.CONTINGENCY FEE
Thisisthefeeorcommissionpaidtotheconsultant,whenone
issuccessfulinsavingtheexpensesfortheclient.Asenseof
honestyandfairnessisrequiredinfixingthisfee.TheNSPE
CodeIII6(a)saysthattheengineersshallnotproposeoraccept
acommissiononacontingentbasiswheretheirjudgmentmay
becompromised.
Thefeemaybeeitherasanagreedamountorafixed
percentageofthesavingsrealized.Butinthecontingencyfee-
agreements,thejudgmentoftheconsultantmaybebiased.The
consultantmaybetemptedtospecifyinferiormaterialsor
designmethodstocuttheconstructioncost.Thisfeemay
motivatetheconsultantstoeffectsavinginthecoststothe
clients,throughreasonablymoralandtechnologicalmeans.
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

67. 4.SAFETYANDCLIENT’SNEEDS
Thegreaterfreedomfortheconsultingengineersindecision
makingonsafetyaspects,anddifficultiesconcerning
truthfulnessarethematterstobegivenattention.Forexample,
indesign-onlyprojects,theconsultingengineersmaydesign
somethingandhavenoroleintheconstruction.Sometimes,
difficultiesmaycrop-upduringconstructionduetonon-
availabilityofsuitablematerials,someshortcutsinconstruction,
andlackofnecessaryandadequatesupervisionandinspection.
Properly-trainedsupervisionisneeded,butmaynothappen,
unlessitisprovided.Further,thecontractormaynotunderstand
and/orbewillingtomodifytheoriginaldesigntoservethe
clientsbest.Afewon-siteinspectionsbytheconsulting
engineerswillexposethedeficiencyinexecutionandsavethe
workers,thepublic,andtheenvironmentthatmaybeexposedto
riskuponcompletionoftheproject.
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

68. Engineers as Expert Witnesses
and Advisors

69. Frequentlyengineersarerequiredtoactasconsultants
andprovideexpertopinionandviewsinmanylegalcases
ofthepastevents.
Theyarerequiredtoexplainthecausesofaccidents,
malfunctionsandothertechnologicalbehaviorof
structures,machines,andinstruments,e.g.,personalinjury
whileusinganinstrument,defectiveproduct,traffic
accident,structureorbuildingcollapse,anddamagetothe
property,aresomeofthecaseswheretestimoniesare
needed.
Theengineers,whoactasexpert-witnesses,arelikelyto
abusetheirpositionsinthefollowingmanners:
Engineers as Expert Witness

70. Theengineers,whoactasexpert-witnesses,arelikelytoabuse
theirpositionsinthefollowingmanners:
1.HiredGuns
Mostlylawyershireengineerstoservetheinterestoftheir
clients.Lawyersarepermittedandrequiredtoprojectthecase
inawayfavorabletotheirclients.Buttheengineershave
obligationstothoroughlyexaminetheeventsanddemonstrate
theirprofessionalintegritytotestifyonlythetruthinthecourt.
Theydonotservetheclientsofthelawyersdirectly.Thehired
gunsforwardwhiteliesanddistortions,asdemandedbythe
lawyers.Theyevenwithholdtheinformationorshadethefact,
tofavortheirclients.
2.MoneyBias
Consultantsmaybeinfluencedorprejudicedformonitory
considerations,gainreputationandmakeafortune.
Engineers as Expert Witness..

71. 3.EgoBias
Theassumptionthattheownsideisinnocentandtheother
sideisguilty,isresponsibleforthisbehavior.Aninordinate
desiretoserveone’sclientandgetnameandfameis
anotherreasonforthisbias.
4.SympathyBias
Sympathyforthevictimontheoppositesidemayupsetthe
testimony.Theintegrityoftheconsultantswillkeepthese
biasesawayfromthejustice.Thecourtalsomustobtainthe
balancedviewofbothsides,byexaminingtheexpert
witnessesoflawyersonbothsides,toremoveaprobable
bias.
Engineers as Expert Witness..

72. Duties
1.Theexpert-witnessisrequiredtoexhibittheresponsibilityof
confidentialityjustastheydointheconsultingroles.Theycannotdivulge
thefindingsoftheinvestigationtotheoppositeside,unlessitisrequiredby
thecourtoflaw.
2.Moreimportantisthataswitnesstheyarenotrequiredtovolunteer
evidencefavorabletotheopponent.Theymustanswerquestionstruthfully,
neednotelaborate,andremainneutraluntilthedetailsareaskedforfurther.
3.Theyshouldbeobjectivetodiscoverthetruthandcommunicatethem
honestly.
4.Thestandoftheexpertsdependsonthesharedunderstandingcreated
withinthesociety.Thelegalsystemshouldberespectedandatthesame
time,theyshouldactinconformancewiththeprofessionalstandardsas
obtainedfromthecodeofethics.
5.Theexpertsshouldearnestlybeimpartialinidentifyingandinterpreting
theobserveddata,recordeddata,andtheindustrialstandards.Theyshould
notdistortthetruth,evenunderpressure.
Engineers as Expert Witness..

73. EngineersasAdvisorsInPlanningandPolicyMaking
Advisors:Engineersarerequiredtogivetheirviewonthefuturesuch
asinplanningandpolicy-making,whichinvolvesthetechnology.
Issuesandrequirementsforengineerswhoactasadvisorsare:
1.Objectivity:Engineersshouldstudythecostandbenefitofall
possiblealternativemeans.
2.Studyallaspects:Theyhavetostudytheeconomicviability
(effectiveness),technicalfeasibility(efficiency),operational
feasibility(skills)andsocialacceptability,beforeformulatingthe
policy.
3.Values:Engineershavetopossessthequalitiessuchas(a)honesty
(b)competence(skillsandexpertise)(c)diligence(carefuland
alert)(d)loyaltyinservingtheinterestsoftheclientsand
maintainingconfidentiality(e)publictrust,andrespectforthe
commongood,
Engineers as Advisors

74. EngineersasAdvisorsInPlanningandPolicyMaking
(Contd.)
4.TechnicalComplexity:Thearbitrary,unrealistic,and
controversialassumptionsmadeduringthefutureplanning
thatareoverlookedornotverified,willleadtomoral
complexity.
5.NationalSecurity:Theproposedoptionsshouldbeaimed
tostrengthentheeconomyandsecurityofthenation,
besidessafeguardingthenaturalresourcesandthe
environmentfromexploitationanddegradation.
Engineers as Advisors

75. EngineersasAdvisorsInPlanningandPolicyMaking
(Contd.)
Fortheadvisorsonpolicymakingorplanning,ashared
understandingonbalancingtheconflictingresponsibilities,both
totheclientsandtothepublic,canbeaffectedbythefollowing
rolesormodels.
1.HiredGun:Theminimumlevelofinterestisshownfor
publicwelfare.
2.Value-neutralAnalysts:Thisassumesanimpartial
engineer.(withoutbias,fearorfavor).
3.Value-guidedAdvocates:Theconsultingengineersremain
honestandautonomousinjudgmentandshowparamount
importancetothepublic.
Engineers as Advisors

76. •Moralleadershipisnotmerelythedominancebyagroup.Moral
leadershipmeansadoptingreasonablemeanstomotivatethegroupsto
achievemorallydesirablegoals.Thisleadershippresentstheengineers
withmanychallengestotheirmoralprinciples.
•Moralleadershipisessentiallyrequiredfortheengineers,forthe
reasonslistedasfollows:
1.Itisleadingagroupofpeopletowardstheachievementofglobaland
objectives.Thegoalsaswellasthemeansaretobemoral.For
example,HitlerandStalinwereleaders,butonlyinaninstrumental
senseandcertainlynotonmoralsense.
2.Theleadershipshalldirectandmotivatethegrouptomovethrough
morallydesirableways.
3.Theyleadbythinkingaheadintime,andmorallycreativetowards
newapplications,extensionandputtingvaluesintopractice.‘Morally
creative’meanstheidentificationofthemostimportantvaluesas
applicabletothesituation,bringingclaritywithinthegroupsthrough
propercommunication,andputtingthosevaluesintopractice.
MORAL LEADERSHIP

77. 4.Theysustainprofessionalinterest,amongsocialdiversityandcross-disciplinary
complexity.Theycontributetotheprofessionalsocieties,theirprofessions,andto
theircommunities.Themoralleadershipinengineeringismanifestedinleadership
withintheprofessionalsocieties.Theprofessionalsocietiesprovideaforumfor
communication,andcanvassingforchangewithinandbygroups.
5.Voluntarism:Anotherimportantavenueforprovidingmoralleadershipwithin
communities,bytheengineersistopromoteserviceswithoutfeeoratreducedfees
(probono)totheneedygroups.Theprofessionalsocietiescanalsopromotesuch
activitiesamongtheengineers.Thistypeofvoluntarism(orphilanthropy)hasbeen
inpracticeinthefieldsofmedicine,lawandeducation.Butmanyoftheengineers
arenotself-employedasinthecaseofphysiciansandlawyers.Thebusiness
institutionsareencouragedtocontributeapercentageoftheirservicesasfreeorat
concessionalratesforcharitablepurposes.
6.Communityservice:Thisisanotherplatformfortheengineerstoexhibittheir
moralleadership.Theengineerscanhelpinguiding,organizing,andstimulating
thecommunitytowardsmorally-andenvironmentally-desirablegoals.The
corporateorganizationshavecomeforwardtoadoptvillagesandexecutemany
socialwelfareschemes,towardsthisobjective.
MORAL LEADERSHIP….

78. Engineeringisanimportantandlearnedprofession.As
membersofthisprofession,engineersareexpectedto
exhibitthehigherstandardsofhonestyandintegrity.
Engineeringhasadirectandvitalimpactonthequality
oflifeforallpeople.Accordingly,theservicesprovided
byengineersrequirehonesty,impartiality,fairness,and
equity,andmustbededicatedtotheprotectionofthen
publichealth,safety,andwelfare.
Engineermustperformunderastandardofprofessional
behaviorthatrequiresadherencetothehighestprinciples
ofethicalconduct.
Code of Conduct

79. Code of Conduct
Acodeofconductisasetofrulesoutliningthesocial
norms,religiousrulesandresponsibilitiesof,andor
properpracticesfor,anindividual,partyororganization.
Relatedconceptsincludeethical,honor,moralcodesand
religiouslaws.
AprofessionalCodeofConductisanofficialdocument
thatclearlydefineshowacompany'semployeesshould
behaveintheworkplaceonaday-to-daybasis.
CodeofConductandCodeofEthics
CodeofEthicsisgeneralinnature,whereascodeof
conductisspecific.Conversely,CodeofConductis
addressedtoemployeesonly.CodeofEthicsfocuseson
valuesorprinciples.Ontheotherhand,CodeofConduct
isfocusedoncomplianceandrules.

80. Code of Conduct
CodeofConductandCodeofEthics
CodeofEthicsisgeneralinnature,whereascodeof
conductisspecific.Conversely,CodeofConductis
addressedtoemployeesonly.CodeofEthicsfocuseson
valuesorprinciples.Ontheotherhand,CodeofConduct
isfocusedoncomplianceandrules.
Codeofethicsisaframeworkforarrivingatgood
ethicalchoices.Thecodeofethicsestablishesaframe
workforethicaljudgmentforanyprofession.Acodeof
ethicsdoesnotdevelopnewmoralprinciples.

81. IFundamentalCanons
Engineersinthefulfillmentoftheirprofessionaldutiesshall
1.holdparamountthesafety,health,andwelfareofthepublic.
2.performservicesonlyinareasoftheircompetence.
3.issuepublicstatementsonlyinobjectiveandtruthful
manner.
4.actforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsortrustees.
5.avoiddeceptiveacts.
6.conductthemselveshonorably,responsibly,ethically,and
lawfullysoastoenhancethehonor,reputation,andusefulness
oftheprofession.
Code of Conduct…

82. IIRulesofPractice
1.Engineersshallholdparamountthesafety,
health,andwelfareofthepublic.
2.Engineersshallperformservicesonlyinthe
areasoftheircompetence.
3.Engineersshallissuepublicstatementsonlyin
anobjectiveandtruthfulmanner.
4.Engineersshallactforeachemployerorclient
asfaithfulagentsortrustees.
5.Engineersshallavoiddeceptiveacts.
Code of Conduct…

83. IIIProfessionalObligations
1.Engineersshallbeguidedinalltheirrelationbythehighest
standardsofhonestyandintegrity.
2.Engineersshallatalltimesstrivetoservethepublic
interest.
3.Engineersshallavoidallconductorpracticethatdeceives
thepublic.
4.Engineersshallnotdisclose,withoutconsent,confidential
informationconcerningthebusinessaffairsortechnical
processesofanypresentorformerclientoremployer,or
publicbodyonwhichtheyserve.
5.Engineersshallnotbeinfluencedintheirprofessional
dutiesbyconflictinginterests.
Code of Conduct…

84. IIIProfessionalObligations
6.Engineersshallnotattempttoobtainemploymentoradvancementor
professionalengagementsbyuntruthfullycriticizingotherengineers,
orbyotherimpropermethods.
7.Engineersshallnotattempttoinjure,maliciouslyorfalsely,directlyor
indirectly,theprofessionalreputation,prospects,practice,or
employmentofotherengineers.Engineerswhobelieveothersare
guiltyofunethicalorillegalpracticeshallresentsuchinformationto
theproperauthorityforaction.
8.8.Engineersshallacceptpersonalresponsibilityfortheirprofessional
activities,provided,however,theengineersmayseekindemnification
forservicesarisingoutoftheirpracticeforotherthangross
negligence,wheretheengineer’sinterestscannototherwisebe
protected.
9.Engineersshallgivecreditforengineeringworktothosetowhom
creditisdue,andwillrecognizetheproprietaryinterestsofothers.
Code of Conduct…

85. Varioussocieties,organizations,andforumsfordifferent
disciplinesofengineering,hasformulatedthesecodesof
ethicalconductsforengineers,toactinanethicalway.
1.NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers(NSPE)
2.TheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers
3.InstitutionofEngineers(India)
4.IndianInstituteofMaterialManagement
5.InstitutionofElectronicsandTelecommunication
Engineers
6.EngineeringCouncilofIndia
7.CodeofEthicsforTataGroup
8.TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)
CodesofEthics
Code of Conduct…

86. Acompanyhasaneconomicresponsibility:itmustearna
returnforitsstockholderswithintheconfinesofthelaw.
However,CorporateSocialResponsibilitymeansthat
organizationshavealsoethicalandsocietalresponsibilities
thatgobeyondtheireconomicresponsibilities.
CSRrequiresorganizationstoexpandtheirunderstandings
oftheirresponsibilitiestoincludeotherstakeholderssuchas
employees,customers,suppliers,localcommunities,state
governments,internationalorganizations,etc.
Ethicscouldbeseenasacrucialcomponentofindividual
andgroupbehaviorsattheheartoforganizations’
responsibilities.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

87. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

88. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

89. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

90. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

91. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

92. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

93. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

94. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

95. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

96. BenefitsofCSR
1.Increasedemployeesatisfaction
2.Improvedpublicimage
3.Increasedcustomerloyalty
4.Increasedcreativity
Whatiscorporatesocialresponsibilityandwhyisitimportantfor
organizations?
Beingasociallyresponsiblecompanycanboosteracompany'simageand
builditsbrand.Socialresponsibilityempowersemployeestoleverage
thecorporateresourcesattheirdisposaltodogood.Formalcorporate
socialresponsibilityprogramscanboostemployeemoraleandleadto
greaterproductivityintheworkforce.
ThemaindisadvantageofCSRisthatitscostsfalldisproportionally
onsmallbusinesses.Majorcorporationscanaffordtoallocatea
budgettoCSRreporting,butthisisnotalwaysopentosmaller
businesseswithbetween10and200employees.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

97. To download the Unit V ppt
slides, use the following link:
https://www.slideshare.net/DrSSelvaGanesan