Unit-V, Human Anatomy & Physiology-I, Disorders of the Heart, causes & symptoms.pptx

Students will get to know about various disorders of heart such as- MI, heart failure, Arrhythmias and their cause, symptoms and effective management.

1. Disorders of the Heart Human Anatomy & Physiology By: Vishal Singh (Assistant Professor- Krishna Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Kanpur

2. The heart is a vital organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Disorders of the heart, also known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), encompass a range of conditions that affect the heart's structure and function. These disorders can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not properly managed . Early diagnosis and intervention are critical in managing heart disorders effectively. If you experience any symptoms of heart disease, seek medical attention promptly . Early Needs Routine check-ups and screenings for blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes . Angioplasty, stent placement, bypass surgery, valve repair/replacement, or heart transplant . Patient education on managing risk factors and recognizing symptoms.

3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD ) A condition where the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle) become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart. Causes : Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries) High cholesterol levels High blood pressure (hypertension) Smoking Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle Obesity Family history of heart disease

4. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Symptoms: Chest pain or discomfort (angina) Shortness of breath Fatigue Heart attack (severe chest pain, sweating, nausea) Management : Lifestyle changes (healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation) Medications (statins, beta-blockers, aspirin) Procedures like angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

5. Heart Failure A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs, leading to fluid buildup and other complications. Causes: Coronary artery disease High blood pressure Previous heart attack Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease) Diabetes Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) Valvular heart disease

6. Heart Failure Symptoms: Shortness of breath (especially during exertion or lying flat) Fatigue and weakness Swelling in legs, ankles, or abdomen (edema) Rapid or irregular heartbeat Persistent cough or wheezing Management : Medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics) Lifestyle changes (low-sodium diet, fluid restriction, weight management) Devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) In severe cases, heart transplant may be considered.

7. Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms, where the heart beats too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly. Causes : Coronary artery disease Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., potassium, magnesium) High blood pressure Heart attack Congenital heart defects Excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption Stress or anxiety

8. Arrhythmias Symptoms: Palpitations (feeling of skipped or racing heartbeats) Dizziness or lightheadedness Fainting (syncope) Chest pain Shortness of breath Management : Medications ( antiarrhythmics , beta-blockers) Lifestyle changes (reducing caffeine, alcohol, and stress) Procedures like catheter ablation Implantable devices (pacemakers or ICDs)

9. Myocardial Infarction (MI) Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a prolonged period, leading to damage or death of the heart tissue. This is typically due to the occlusion of a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart muscle. Causes : Atherosclerosis : plaque (composed of fat, cholesterol, and other substances) builds up in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow. Coronary Artery Spasm : Sudden constriction of the coronary arteries, which can reduce or block blood flow. Blood Clot (Thrombosis) : A clot can form on the surface of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, completely blocking the artery. Embolism : A blood clot or other debris that travels from another part of the body and lodges in a coronary artery. Other Causes : Severe hypotension, anemia, or arrhythmias can also reduce blood flow to the heart.

10. Myocardial Infarction (MI) Symptoms: Chest Pain (Angina) : a squeezing, pressure, or heaviness in the chest, which may radiate to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back. Shortness of Breath : Difficulty breathing, often accompanying chest pain. Nausea and Vomiting : Common, especially in women. Cold Sweat : Profuse sweating without physical exertion. Fatigue : Unusual or extreme tiredness. Dizziness or Lightheadedness : Feeling faint or unsteady. Palpitations : Irregular or rapid heartbeats.

11. Myocardial Infarction (MI) Management: Immediate Treatment : Aspirin : Given to reduce blood clotting. Nitroglycerin : To relieve chest pain by dilating blood vessels. Oxygen Therapy : To increase oxygen supply to the heart. Thrombolytics : Clot-busting drugs to dissolve the clot in the artery. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) : Emergency angioplasty and stenting to open the blocked artery. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) : In some cases, surgery may be required to bypass the blocked artery. Long-Term Management : Medications such as- Beta-blockers , ACE Inhibitors , Statins , Antiplatelets

12. Valvular Heart Disease Damage or dysfunction of one or more of the heart's valves (mitral, aortic, tricuspid, or pulmonary), affecting blood flow. Causes : Congenital defects Infections (e.g., rheumatic fever, endocarditis) Age-related degeneration Coronary artery disease High blood pressure

13. Valvular Heart Disease Symptoms: Shortness of breath Fatigue Swelling in legs or abdomen Irregular heartbeat Chest pain Dizziness or fainting Management : Medications (diuretics, beta-blockers, anticoagulants) Surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve Lifestyle changes (reducing salt intake, regular monitoring)

14. Cardiomyopathy A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Causes : Genetic factors High blood pressure Chronic rapid heart rate Heart valve problems Alcohol abuse Infections or inflammatory conditions

15. Cardiomyopathy Symptoms: Fatigue Shortness of breath Swelling in legs, ankles, or feet Irregular heartbeats Dizziness or fainting Management : Medications (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics) Lifestyle changes (low-sodium diet, limiting alcohol) Implantable devices (pacemakers, ICDs) In severe cases, heart transplant may be required.

16. Congenital Heart Disease Structural heart defects present from birth, affecting the heart's walls, valves, or blood vessels. Causes : Genetic factors Environmental factors during pregnancy (e.g., infections, drug use) Symptoms : Cyanosis (bluish tint to skin, lips, or nails) Rapid breathing or shortness of breath Fatigue Poor growth (in infants) Heart murmurs

17. Congenital Heart Disease Management: Medications (to manage symptoms or prevent complications) Surgical repair of defects Catheter-based procedures Regular monitoring and follow-up care

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