UNIT3_Inter of Things Communication Protocols.pptx

Inter of Things Communication Protocols

1. UNIT 3 IoT Data Link Layer: PHY/MAC Layer (3GPP MTC, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15), Wireless HART, ZWave , Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee Smart Energy, DASH7

2. Z-Wave Z-Wave  is a wireless communication protocol known for Home Automation.  Wireless Communication protocol  is simply a set of rules or some standards, an application, or a program that should be followed in order to communicate wirelessly . Z-wave was first developed/founded by the two Danish engineers of a start-up company named,  Zensys .

3. Z-Wave Architecture and Working Z-Wave operates under source crowdedness architecture . In this architecture, one device or node needs to communicate with another node at the end and if it is not directly reachable then it communicates with the other nearest node, this nearest node passes the message to the next node and that will send the message to the destination and vice versa.  Its frequency varies differently in different countries such as: India- 865.2 MHz USA-908.4 MHz China-868.4 MHz

4. The available data rates: 9600 bits/sec Output power: 1 mw/ 0dBm Range : 30 metres ( free space) Frequency : 924.4 MHz Low Power Consumption – Ideal for battery-operated devices. Mesh Network Topology – Devices can relay messages to extend network range. Operates in Sub-GHz Bands – Avoids interference with Wi-Fi (typically in 800-900 MHz range). Supports up to 232 Devices per Network – Scalable for home and industrial automation. Secure Communication – Uses AES-128 encryption. Key Features of Z-Wave

5. Z-Wave Network Architecture

6. Z-Wave Protocol Architecture

7. How Z-Wave Works

8. Applications of Z-Wave Smart Homes: Lights, locks, thermostats, security cameras . Building Automation: Energy management, HVAC control . Healthcare & Assisted Living: Fall detection, remote monitoring . Industrial IoT : Asset tracking, warehouse automation.

9. Advantages of Z-Wave ✔ Reliable Communication – Mesh network ensures message delivery. ✔ Low Interference – Uses Sub-GHz band, avoiding Wi-Fi congestion. ✔ Energy-Efficient – Ideal for battery-powered devices. ✔ Secure & Encrypted – Protects against hacking. ✔ Interoperable – Works across multiple brands and devices.

10. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE ) Bluetooth Low Energy is regarded as a different technology that specifically targets markets where the demand is for ultra-low power rather than high throughput . Data communication with an LE radio happens in short bursts that do not need to be very frequent. A typical LE use case would include periodically turning on the radio, transferring or receiving a few bytes or kilobytes of data, and then turning off and going back to sleep.

11. Bluetooth Classic vs. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE ) While Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy protocols share many similarities, both operating within the 2.4 GHz ISM band, they are two distinct, incompatible protocols.  Bluetooth Classic is designed to handle a lot of data, but it also consumes power quickly.

12. Advantages of BLE  BLE was developed with a particular market in mind: that of devices that require low power and small data transmission. To help meet this market’s demand, Bluetooth Low Energy provides an array of advantages for both developers and end consumers of BLE devices

13. Limitations of BLE  understanding the limitations of a particular technology is just as important as understanding its advantages. In this way, you can determine if a particular technology is a good fit for your application or not

14. BLE Applications Home automation Fitness tracking Audio devices Contact tracing Item finding tags Targeted ads Inventory management

15. BLE and the Internet of Things ( IoT ) BLE is often viewed as the most optimal technology for IoT applications because of two main reasons: Low power consumption.  Many IoT devices are battery-powered and need to last in the field for a very long time. For example, it would simply be impractical to regularly replace the batteries in hundreds of sensors in a warehouse environment.  The type of data being exchanged.  BLE is optimized to transmit a small amount of data. This works great for IoT devices like sensors that just need to transfer state data.

16. Bluetooth LE Protocol Architecture

17. Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) Profile : GATT defines the structure of the data that’s transferred between devices. It’s built on top of ATT and organizes data into services and characteristics. Services : Grouping of characteristics (e.g., Heart Rate service). Characteristics : A characteristic contains a value and optional descriptors (e.g., a sensor reading). GATT operates in client-server mode, where the client requests data from the server.

18. A  Characteristic  is always part of a Service, representing a piece of information/data that a Server wants to expose to a client . In BLE, there are six types of operations on Characteristics:

19. Generic Access Profile (GAP) Defines how BLE devices interact with each other and how they discover and connect. It governs: Advertising : Devices announce their availability and services. Scanning : Devices listen to advertisements from other devices. Connection Establishment : Devices form a connection after the exchange of data during the advertising process. GAP also handles the role of BLE devices (Central, Peripheral, Broadcaster, or Observer).

20. GAP States

21. BLE Device Roles Central : The device that initiates and manages the connection (e.g., smartphones). Peripheral : A device that provides data or services (e.g., sensors, wearables ). Broadcaster : A device that sends out advertising data but doesn't accept connections (e.g., beacons). Observer : A device that listens for advertisements and can respond accordingly.

22. Zig Bee ZigBee is a standard that addresses the need for very low-cost implementation of Low power devices with Low data rates for short-range wireless communications . ZigBee is the Personal Area Network of task group 4 so it is based on IEEE 802.15.4 and is created by Zigbee Alliance.

23. Why another short-range communication standard??

24. ZigBee Devices

25. General Characteristics of Zigbee Standard Low Power Consumption Low Data Rate (20- 250 kbps) Short-Range (75-100 meters) Network Join Time (~ 30 msec ) Support Small and Large Networks (up to 65000 devices (Theory); 240 devices (Practically)) Low Cost of Products and Cheap Implementation (Open Source Protocol) 3 frequency bands with 27 channels. Operating Frequency Bands  (Only one channel will be selected for use in a network): Channel 0 : 868 MHz (Europe) Channel 1-10 : 915 MHz (the US and Australia) Channel 11-26 : 2.4 GHz (Across the World)

26. Features of Zigbee 1. Stochastic addressing:  A device is assigned a random address and announced. Mechanism for address conflict resolution. Parents node don’t need to maintain assigned address table. 2. Link Management:  Each node maintains quality of links to neighbors. Link quality is used as link cost in routing.  3. Frequency Agility:  Nodes experience interference report to channel manager, which then selects another channel  4. Asymmetric Link:  Each node has different transmit power and sensitivity. Paths may be asymmetric.  5. Power Management:  Routers and Coordinators use main power. End Devices use batteries.

27. Zigbee Network Topologies Star Topology  ( ZigBee Smart Energy): Consists of a coordinator and several end devices, end devices communicate only with the coordinator. Mesh Topology  (Self Healing Process): Mesh topology consists of one coordinator, several routers, and end devices. Tree Topology : In this topology, the network consists of a central node which is a coordinator, several routers, and end devices. the function of the router is to extend the network coverage. 

28. Architecture of Zigbee

29. Channel Access: Contention Based Method  (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance Mechanism) Contention Free Method  (Coordinator dedicates a specific time slot to each device (Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS)))