United Nation Organisation An International Organisation

UNO

1. “ United Nation Organization ” Submitted to : Dr Muzaffar Submitted By: Group #4

2. Names of Group Members Roll no Surriya Saif 01 Lubna Qasir 06 UM-E- Habiba Saeed 08 Khadija Nadeem 13 Maryam Shahid 14

3. United Nation (UN) is an international organization that aims to promote peace and Understanding between nations. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue, It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its Missions. Definition of UNO

4. Introduction Established on 24 October 1945 51 countries were committed to preserving Peace through international cooperation UN Membership: 192 countries States agree to accept obligations of the UN Charter , an international treaty that sets out basic principles

5. The Charter of the UN The _United Nations Charter is the treaty that forms and establishes the international Organization called the United Nations. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.

6. Purpose of the UN To take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights And self-determination of peoples. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, Cultural, or humanitarian .character, and_ in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

7. Objectives of UN Maintaining international peace and security Promoting human rights Fostering social and economic development Developing friendly international relations among world nations Providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. Solving international problems of any nature (economic, cultural, social).

8. Historical Background of the United Nations San Francisco Conference (1945): Delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to finalize the UN Charter. The Charter established the purposes, principles, and structure of the United Nations. It was signed on June 26, 1945, and came into effect on October 24, 1945, after being ratified by the required number of countries. League of Nations Overview: Founded after WWI to promote peace. There are currently 193 UN Member States. Failure: Inability to prevent WWII due to lack of enforcement and membership issues.

9. Fomation of the United Nations Established in 1945, replacing the League of Nations. Role of Allies: Drafting the UN Charter during WWII.

10. The Organisational Structure of the United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that maintains international peace, security, and cooperation. Its organizational structure includes the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, and various specialized agencies and programs, each with distinct roles and responsibilities .

11. The General Assembly 1 Deliberative Body The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN, where all member states are represented. 2 Voting Powers The General Assembly has the power to make recommendations on issues related to international peace and security, development, and human rights. 3 Composition It is composed of all 193 UN member states, each with one vote, regardless of size or economic power.

12. The Security Council Responsibilities The Security Council is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security, and has the power to make binding decisions on member states. Composition It is composed of 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. Veto Power The five permanent members have the power to veto any substantive Security Council resolution, allowing them to block decisions they oppose.

13. The Secretariat Administrative Duties The Secretariat is responsible for the administrative and executive functions of the UN, providing support to the other principal organs. Leadership The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General, who is the chief administrative officer of the UN and is appointed by the General Assembly. International Civil Service The Secretariat is composed of an international team of civil servants who work to implement the decisions of the UN's intergovernmental bodies.

14. Specialized Agencies and Programs World Health Organization (WHO) Responsible for international public health and well-being. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Focused on promoting the rights and well-being of children worldwide. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Aims to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities globally . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) Promotes international cooperation in education, science, and culture.

15. Functions and powers of UNO To maintain international peace and security To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken

16. Continued… to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression to take military action against an aggressor to recommend the admission of new Members to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas" to recommend to the  General Assembly  the appointment of the  Secretary-General  and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the  International Court of Justice

17. Role of UNO in peace and security Conflict Prevention: through diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and mediation initiatives aimed at resolving disputes before they escalate into full-blown conflicts. Peacekeeping Operations: The UN deploys peacekeeping forces to regions affected by conflict to maintain peace and security, facilitate ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in the implementation of peace agreements. Disarmament and Arms Control: The UN works towards disarmament and arms control through treaties, conventions, and resolutions aimed at reducing the proliferation of weapons, curbing the illicit arms trade, and promoting confidence-building measures among nations. Humanitarian Assistance: The UN provides vital humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected populations, including refugees and internally displaced persons, by delivering food, shelter, medical aid, and other essential services, thereby addressing the underlying causes of instability and contributing to long-term peace and security .

18. Role of UNO in achieving human rights S etting International Standards: The UN establishes and promotes international human rights standards through treaties, conventions, and declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, providing a framework for protecting human rights globally. Monitoring and Reporting: The UN monitors human rights situations around the world through mechanisms like the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and special rapporteurs, investigating violations, and issuing reports to raise awareness and hold perpetrators accountable. Capacity Building and Technical Assistance: The UN provides technical assistance and capacity-building support to countries to strengthen their legal frameworks, institutions, and mechanisms for protecting and promoting human rights, empowering local authorities and civil society organizations. Advocacy and Awareness: The UN advocates for human rights through campaigns, public statements, and diplomatic efforts, urging governments to uphold their human rights obligations and working to raise awareness about specific issues, such as gender equality, racial discrimination, and the rights of marginalized groups .

19. Role of UNO in providing humanitarian assistance Coordination of Relief Efforts: The UN coordinates humanitarian assistance during crises by mobilizing resources, coordinating response efforts among various UN agencies, NGOs, and governments, ensuring a coherent and effective response. Providing Essential Services: The UN delivers essential services such as food aid, shelter, clean water, healthcare, and education to affected populations in humanitarian crises. Protection of Civilians: The UN works to protect civilians affected by humanitarian crises, including refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and other vulnerable groups. This includes efforts to prevent and respond to violence, provide legal and physical protection, and address the specific needs of women, children, and persons with disabilities. Building Resilience and Long-term Recovery: In addition to addressing immediate needs, the UN supports efforts to build resilience and promote long-term recovery in affected communities. This involves initiatives such as livelihood support, infrastructure rebuilding, psychosocial support, and efforts to strengthen local capacity to withstand future crises.

20. CHALLENGES The United Nations (UN) faces a range of complex challenges in its efforts to promote peace, security, human rights, and sustainable development around the world. Some of the key challenges Global Conflicts: Addressing civil wars, ethnic tensions, and terrorism through diplomatic channels, peacekeeping missions, and mediation initiatives to mitigate humanitarian crises Climate Change : Reducing greenhouse gases ,helping countries and communities deal with changes in weather and other things related to climate. • Humanitarian Crises: The UN is frequently called upon to respond to humanitarian crises caused by natural disasters, conflicts, and other emergencies. Human Rights Violations : Upholding human rights human rights violations are ongoing challenges for the UN Peacekeeping Operations: The UN conducts peacekeeping operations in conflict. .

21. CRITICISM U N f o u n d a f t e r w o r l d w a r 2 g o a l w a s t o a c h i e v e p e a c e U N s e c u r i t y c o un c i l c re a t e d t o e n f o r c e l a w a n d a c t i o n b u t SC Consider most undemocratic feature of UN Council has 15 seats 5 for p e r m a n e n t k n o w n a s P 5 C h i n a , R u ss i a , F r a n c e , U S A , U K a l l h a v e p o w e r o f v e t o b u t t h e s e p o w e r u s e a g a i n s t l a w f o r t h e i r o w n interest

22. U nc o n d i t i o n a l P ower S i n c e 1992 , R u ss i a h a s b ee n t h e m o s t f re q ue n t u s e r o f t h e v e t o , f o ll o w e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d China. F r a n c e a n d t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m h a v e n o t u s e d t h e v e t o s i n c e 1989 . A s o f M a r c h 2024 , R u ss i a / U SS R h a s u s e d i t s v e t o 12 8 t i m e s , t h e U S 8 9 t i m e s , t h e U K 2 9 times, China 1 9 t i m e s , a n d F r a n c e 1 6 times.

23. United state is no new to the veto either .since 197 U s a u s e 8 9 V e t os V e t o i n g r e s olu t i on targeting its ally Israel Which include : R e c o g n i z e P a l e s ti n e s t a t e T a l k i n g n o a c ti o n a g a i n s t i ll e g a l s e tt l e m e n t N o ri g h t t o r e t urn

24. Reforms and Future Prospects Security Council Reform : Expand membership to reflect current global power dynamics. Increase representation for developing countries and underrepresented regions. Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution : Enhance peacekeeping operations' capabilities. Improve coordination with regional organizations. Strengthen conflict prevention mechanisms. Management and Accountability : Enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Implement financial and procurement reforms. Combat fraud and corruption.

25. Human Rights and Humanitarian Action : Strengthen capacity to promote and protect human rights. Improve monitoring of human rights violations. Support humanitarian operations and crisis response. Development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs ): Align development agenda with SDGs. Promote sustainable development practices globally. Ensure coherence and coordination across UN agencies. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability : Strengthen role in global climate governance. Enhance UNFCCC initiatives. Foster international cooperation on environmental issues . Continued…

26. In conclusion, the United Nations has played a pivotal role in global affairs since its inception after World War II. Its significance lies in its mission to promote international peace and security, protect human rights, and foster sustainable development worldwide. Despite facing challenges such as conflicts, criticisms regarding accountability and transparency, and financial constraints, the UN continues to adapt and strive for effectiveness. Efforts to reform the UN system, including proposals to reform the Security Council and enhance the General Assembly's role, demonstrate ongoing initiatives to improve its functioning. Embracing new technologies for communication and coordination, as well as strengthening partnerships with civil society and non-state actors, offer opportunities to enhance the UN's effectiveness further. Looking ahead, the United Nations must continue to evolve and innovate to address emerging global challenges effectively. By fostering collaboration, embracing reforms, and leveraging new opportunities, the UN can strengthen its position as a vital force for positive change in the world. Conclusion

27. Recommendations How to enhancing the effectiveness of the United Nations: Strategic Partnerships: Forge stronger alliances with member states, regional organizations, and non-governmental entities. Collaborate on shared goals such as peacebuilding, development, and climate action . Conflict Prevention and Resolution: Strengthen early warning systems to detect potential conflicts. Enhance mediation and peacekeeping capabilities to resolve conflicts swiftly. Humanitarian Response: Improve coordination and rapid response mechanisms for humanitarian crises. Enhance funding and support for humanitarian operations . Global Health Initiatives: Strengthen global health frameworks to address pandemics and public health emergencies. Promote equitable access to healthcare and vaccines.

28. Climate Change Action: Advocate for ambitious climate agreements and commitments. Facilitate technology transfer and capacity-building for climate resilience. Governance and Transparency: Enhance accountability and transparency within UN institutions. Promote good governance practices globally. Technology and Innovation: Harness technology for data-driven decision-making and innovation. Promote digital inclusion and access to information. Capacity Building: Strengthen the capacity of developing countries to participate effectively in UN initiatives. Provide training and support for institutional development. Peacebuilding and Reconciliation: Support post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation efforts. Foster dialogue and cooperation among conflicting parties. . Continued…