Universal gates electronic

UNIVERSAL GATES

1. UNIVERSAL GATES

2. Universal Gate A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates . In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families. 2

3. NOR Gate X Y Z 1 1 1 1 1 X Y 3

4. NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate X Z 1 1 X (Before Bubble) Equivalent to Inverter 4

5. NOR Gate as an OR Gate X Y Z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X Y NOR Gate “Inverter” Equivalent to OR Gate 5

6. NOR Gate as an AND Gate X Y Z 1 1 1 1 1 Equivalent to AND Gate X Y NOR Gate “Inverters” 6

7. AND GATE USING NAND GATES