universal precaution powerpoint presentation

universal precaution

1. Universal Precaution

2. Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.These are infections that develop during hospitalization and are present in patients at the time of admission

3. MOST COMMON TYPES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Urinary tract infections 1. Lower respiratory Tract infections (primarily pneumonia) 3. Surgical wound infections 2. 4 . Bloodstream infections (septicemia)

4. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS Contact- Direct e.g., hands of hospital personnel. Indirect e.g., using contaminated objects. Contaminated vehicles used in common for patients e.g., instruments, contaminated food, water, solutions, drugs or blood products.

5. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS 3. Airborne e.g., aerosol, droplets or dust. 4. Vector borne: e.g., mosquitoes. 5. Blood borne: inoculation injury or sexual transmission e.g., HBV, HIV.

6. PATIENTS MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Elderly patients Women in labor and delivery Premature infants and newborns Surgical and burn patients Diabetic and cancer patients

7. PATIENTS MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Patients receiving treatment with steroids, anticancer drugs, antilymphocyte serum, and radiation. Immunosuppressed patients (I. e., patients whose immune systems are not functioning properly) Patients who are paralyzed or are undergoing renal dialysis or catheterization; quite often, these patient’s normal defense mechanisms are not functioning properly)

8. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Communicable (also known as infectious or transmissible) diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated food or water.

9. WAYS IN WHICH COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SPREAD Physical contact with an infected person, e.g. through touch (staphylococcus), sexual contact (gonorrhea, HIV), faecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplet (influenza) Contact with a contaminated surfaces or objects (Norovirus), food (salmonella, E. coli), blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water (botulism)

10. WAYS IN WHICH COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SPREAD Insect or animal bites capable of transmitting the disease (Malaria caused by mosquitoes and Lyme disease caused by tick bites) Airborne, such as tuberculosis or measles.

11. CYCLE OF INFECTION

12. Pathogen Any microorganism that can cause a disease such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or fungus. Reasons that the organism will cause an infection are virulence (ability to multiply and grow), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue), and pathogenicity (ability to cause disease).

13. Reservoir Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies. The infectious agent depends on the reservoir for survival, where it can reproduce itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.

14. Reservoir Animate reservoirs include people, insects, birds, and other animals. Inanimate reservoirs include soil, water, food, feces, intravenous fluid, and equipment.

15. Portal of Exit The place where the organism leaves the reservoir, such as the respiratory tract (nose, mouth), intestinal tract (rectum), urinary tract, or blood and other body fluids.

16. Mode of Transmission The means by which an organism transfers from one carrier to another by either direct transmission (direct contact between infectious host and susceptible host) or indirect transmission (which involves an intermediate carrier like an environmental surface or piece of medical equipment).

17. Portal of Entry The opening where an infectious disease enters the host’s body such as mucus membranes, open wounds, or tubes inserted in body cavities like urinary catheters or feeding tubes.

18. Susceptible Host The person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease. Several factors make a person more susceptible to disease including:

19. Susceptible Host age (young people and elderly people generally are more at risk) underlying chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV certain types of medications i nvasive devices like feeding tubes malnutrition

20. How to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases

21. As well as maintaining good general health, there are some basic actions that everyone can take to stop the spread of infectious diseases: Immunize against infectious diseases Wash and dry your hands regularly and well Stay at home if you are sick

22. Cover coughs and sneezes Clean surfaces regularly Ventilate your home Prepare food safely Practice safe sex

23. REMEMBER! For an infection to develop, each link of the chain must be connected. Breaking any link of the chain can stop the transmission of infection!

24. Asepsis

25. Asepsis is a condition in which nonliving disease-causing microorganisms are present . Asepsis covers all those procedures designed to reduce the risk of bacterial, fungal or viral contamination, using sterile instruments, sterile draping and the gloved 'no touch' technique.The goal of asepsis is to prevent contamination , which can be ensured by the use of sterile devices, materials and instruments and by creating an environment that is low in microbe volume.

26. 2 Categories of Asepsis: Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis

27. Medical Asepsis - also known as Clean Technique . Measures used to prevent the spread of organisms from place to place. All the measures aimed at reducing the number or spread of microorganisms. Medical Asepsis

28. Clean technique involves meticulous hand washing , maintaining a clean environment by preparing a clean field, using clean gloves and sterile instruments, and preventing direct contamination of materials and supplies. No “sterile to sterile” rules apply. This technique may also be referred to as non-sterile. Medical Asepsis

29. Surgical Asepsis- also known as Sterile Technique . Sterile technique is used to prevent the introduction or spread of pathogens from the environment into the patient. Refers to the procedures used to keep the object or areas sterile from microorganisms. To be sterile an object must be free from all microorganisms . Surgical Asepsis

30. Sterile technique is a set of specific practices and procedures performed to make equipment and areas free from all microorganisms and to maintain that sterility Surgical Asepsis

31. Write a caption for the photos.

32. Thank you! "When you have a dream, you've got to grab it and never let go." — Carol Burnett