UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM. powerpoint presentation

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM

1. UNIVERSE & SOLAR UNIVERSE & SOLAR
SYSTEMSYSTEM
Chapters 21 & 22
Test One Material

2. BIRTH OF ASTRONOMYBIRTH OF ASTRONOMY
GEOCENTRIC - EARTH IS AT THE
CENTER
ARISTARCHUS
HELIOCENTRIC - SUN CENTERED
UNIVERSE
STILL LEARNING
–Eric Idle

3. EARLY ASTRONOMERSEARLY ASTRONOMERS
ERATOSTHENES - FIRST TO
MEASURE SIZE OF EARTH
HIPPARCHUS - STAR CATALOGUE -
850
PTOLEMY - DEVELOPED MODEL OF
THE UNIVERSE - PTOLEMAIC
SYSTEM

4. MODERN ASTRONOMYMODERN ASTRONOMY
COPERNICUS - EARTH WAS A
PLANET WITH SUN AT CENTER OF
OTHER PLANETS
KEPLER - LAWS OF PLANETARY
MOTION. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OR
(AU) MEASURED PLANETS DISTANCE
TO SUN AND PERIOD OF
REVOLUTION

5. PLANETPLANETAUAU YEARSYEARS
MERCURY0.390.24
VENUS 0.720.62
EARTH 1.001.00
MARS 1.521.88
JUPITER5.2011.86
SATURN 9.5429.46
URANUS 19.1884.01
NEPTUNE30.06164.80

6. GALILEOGALILEO
TELESCOPE
4 MOONS OF JUPITER
PLANETS WERE CIRCULAR DISKS
MOON’S SURFACE WAS NOT
SMOOTH
SUNSPOTS

8. SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON
INERTIA - FIRST LAW OF MOTION THAT
THE NATURAL TENDENCY FOR A MOVING
OBJECT IS TO CONTINUE MOVING AT A
UNIFORM SPEED AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE
UNLESS ACTED UPON BY ANOTHER
OUTSIDE FORCE
GRAVITY - ATTRACTIVE FORCE THAT IS
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO MASS &
INVERSELY TO DISTANCE

9. CONSTELLATIONCONSTELLATION
AN APPARENT GROUP OF STARS
ORIGINALLY NAMED FOR
MYTHICAL CHARACTERS.
PRESENTLY THE SKY IS DIVIDED
INTO 88 CONSTELLATIONS
Examples include: Cancer, Capricornus,
Canis Major & Minor, Orion, Ursa Major &
Minor, and Virgo

10. What’s new 2015What’s new 2015
http://www.msn.com/en-us/video/wonder/sc
ientists-discover-new-jupiter-like-planet/vi-
BBlK6Es
http://www.msn.com/en-us/video/wonder/m
ystery-of-dwarf-planet-ceres/vi-BBluIQk

11. UNIVERSE ORIGIN?UNIVERSE ORIGIN?
HUGE EXPLOSION (BIG BANG) THREW
MATERIAL OUTWARD IN ALL
DIRECTIONS. MATERIAL BEGAN TO
ATTRACT AND ROTATE (HAROLD UREY’S
ROTATING DISK OR NEBULAR THEORY).
MATERIAL COMBINED TO FORM SOLAR
SYSTEMS. MATERIAL IN CENTER OF EACH
SYSTEM REACHED 15 MILLION DEGREES F
AND BEGAN TO GLOW
ALL THINGS ASTRONOMICAL

12. STARSSTARS
EACH SOLAR SYSTEM (STAR/SUN) IS
CLUSTERED WITH BILLIONS OF
OTHERS TO FORM GALAXIES ( 400
BILLION IN MILKY WAY GALAXY)
THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF
GALAXIES
GALAXIES ARE MILLIONS OF LIGHT
YEARS APART

14. WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR
(DISTANCE)?(DISTANCE)?
LIGHT TRAVELLING AT 186,000
MILES PER SECOND FOR AN ENTIRE
YEAR
5.8 TRILLION MILES
5,800,000,000,000 MILES

15. BILLION AND TRILLION BILLION AND TRILLION
REALITY CHECKREALITY CHECK
IF YOU COULD PICK UP ONE PENNY
PER SECOND HOW LONG TO PICK UP
ONE BILLION?
32 YEARS
WHAT ABOUT A TRILLION PENNIES?
32,000 YEARS

16. OUR OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SYSTEM
OUR SUN IS ONE OF 400 BILLION
STARS THAT MAKE UP THE MILKY
WAY GALAXY
YELLOW DWARF - COMPARED TO
OTHER STARS IT IS AN AVERAGE
STAR
109 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE
EARTH

17. Sun and starsSun and stars

18. SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR
INTERIORINTERIOR
CAN NOT BE DIRECTLY OBSERVED
HAS TEMPERATURES OF AT LEAST 15
MILLION DEGREES BUT MORE
LIKELY 27 MILLION DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT
Solar flare 2011

19. SUN STRUCTURE - SUN STRUCTURE -
PHOTOSPHEREPHOTOSPHERE
THE SUN’S VISIBLE SURFACE
TEMPERATURES OF 10,000 DEGREES F
SUNSPOTS - DARK BLEMISHES THAT ARE
COOLER THAN SUN’S SURFACE AND MAY
EFFECT EARTH’S WEATHER
FACULAE - HOT SPOTS ON THE
PHOTOSPHERE

20. SUN STRUCTURE - SUN STRUCTURE -
CHROMOSPHERECHROMOSPHERE
LOWER OR INNER SOLAR
ATMOSPHERE
HOT GASES WITH TEMPERATURES
FROM 10,000 DEGREES F NEAR
PHOTOSPHERE TO ALMOST 1
MILLION DEGREES F IN UPPER
REGIONS

21. SUNSTRUCTURE - CORONASUNSTRUCTURE - CORONA
OUTER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE
MAY EXTEND OUTWARD 620,000
MILES
TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1
MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

24. EARTH’S MOONEARTH’S MOON
HAS NO ATMOSPHERE AND LACKS
WATER
HAS A SURFACE WITH MANY
CRATERS
THE MORE CRATERS IN AN AREA,
THE OLDER THE SURFACE AREA

25. LUNAR SURFACELUNAR SURFACE
MARE- DARK
SURFACES OF
MOON
HIGHLANDS -
MOUNTAIN
RANGES

27. LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2 LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2
DAYSDAYS
NEW MOON
WAXING CRESCENT
FIRST QUARTER
WAXING GIBBOUS
FULL MOON
WANING GIBBOUS

28. THIRD QUARTER
WANING CRESCENT
NEW MOON

30. MOON’S ORBIT AROUND MOON’S ORBIT AROUND
EARTHEARTH
PERIGEE IS WHEN MOON IS CLOSEST
TO EARTH AT ABOUT 221,000 MILES
AWAY
APOGEE IS WHEN MOON IS
FARTHEST AWAY FROM EARTH AT
ABOUT 252,000 MILES

31. Lunar orbitLunar orbit

32. ECLIPSESECLIPSES
SOLAR ECLIPSE - MOON MOVES IN A
LINE DIRECTLY BETWEEN EARTH &
SUN. MOON’S ORBIT IS INCLINED
ABOUT 5 DEGREES TO THE ELIPTIC
PLANE OF EARTH/SUN
LUNAR ECLIPSE - EARTH MOVES
BETWEEN SUN AND MOON

35. MOTIONS OF THE EARTHMOTIONS OF THE EARTH
ROTATION - MEAN SOLAR DAY VS.
SIDERAL DAY [TIME IT TAKES
EARTH TO MAKE ONE COMPLETE
ROTATION WITH RESPECT TO
ANOTHER STAR]
REVOLUTION

36. EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND
SUNSUN
AVERAGE OF 93 MILLION MILES
PERIHELION OCCURS ON JANUARY
3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 91 1/2 MILLION
MILES FROM SUN
APHELION OCCURS ON JULY 3/4
WHEN EARTH IS 94 1/2 MILLION
MILES FROM SUN

38. TERRESTRIAL PLANETSTERRESTRIAL PLANETS
COMPOSED OF DENSE ROCKY AND
METALLIC MATERIALS WITH LITTLE
OR NO ATMOSPHERE
MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
MARS

39. JOVIAN PLANETSJOVIAN PLANETS
GIANT PLANETS WITH LARGE
AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN AND
HELIUM WITH THICK ATMOSPHERES
JUPITER
SATURN
URANUS
NEPTUNE
http://www.nineplanets.org/

40. Dwarf planets Dwarf planets
New class of planets
•Orbit the Sun
•Not the only objects to occupy their area of
space
•Pluto is the prototype of this new category
•Located in the Kuiper belt – a band of icy
objects found beyond the orbit of Neptune

41. Dwarf PlanetsDwarf Planets
Pluto
Charon
Eris
Ceres

42. Comparison of Pluto, Earth, Comparison of Pluto, Earth,
and other Kuiper Belt objectsand other Kuiper Belt objects
Figure 22.31

43. MERCURYMERCURY
INNERMOST AND SWIFTEST PLANET
ALBEDO 0F 6%
DAYLIGHT & DARKNESS BOTH LAST
88 DAYS
TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -300F TO
800F
VERY LITTLE ATMOSPHERE

45. VENUSVENUS
SIMILAR IN SIZE, DENSITY AND MASS TO
EARTH
THICK CLOUD OF CARBON DIOXIDE
SURFACE TEMPS OF 900F DUE TO
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 90 TIMES
THAT OF EARTH
IF EARTH IS HEAVEN THEN VENUS IS HELL

48. MARSMARS
LITTLE GREEN MEN, MARS
ATTACKS, HG WELLES
WHITE POLAR ICE CAPS
HAVE GREAT RIFT VALLEY
VERY DRY PLANET
REDDISH ROCK, SAND AND SOIL
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/
index.html

50. MARS IN THE FUTURE?MARS IN THE FUTURE?

51. JUPITERJUPITER
2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN ALL OTHER
PLANETS COMBINED
1 DAY LASTS 10 HOURS DUE TO FAST
ROTATION
HURRICANE-LIKE STORM SYSTEMS WITH
WINDS OF 1000 MPH - GREAT RED SPOT
SURFACE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN OCEAN
SOME MOONS [61] AS LARGE AS MARS

53. MOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITER
CALLISTO
GANYMEDE
IO
EUROPA
DISCOVERED BY GALILELO
61? TOTAL MOONS

54. SATURNSATURN
29 1/2 YEARS TO MAKE ONE
REVOLUTION
SYSTEM OF RINGS
HIGH WIND SPEEDS 1000+ MPH

56. URANUSURANUS
SURROUNDED BY POLAR CIRCLING
RINGS
KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANET
METHANE IN ATMOSPHERE
ROTATES ON ITS SIDE

58. NEPTUNENEPTUNE
TWIN PLANET TO URANUS
COLDER TEMPERATURES
MAY BE THE MOST DISTANT PLANET
TRITON -391 DEGREES F
KUIPER BELT – ICY BODIES BEYOND
NEPTUNE THAT ORBIT THE SUN –
MAY BE A SOURCE FOR SHORT-
TERM COMETS

60. PLUTOPLUTO
MAY NOT BE A PLANET BUT A TRANSITION
BETWEEN COMET AND PLANET
As of 8/16/06 classified as a Pluton along with Charon and
UB 313
PLANET X
AVERAGE TEMP OF -350F
LARGE DIRTY ICEBALL
SOMETIMES IS CLOSER TO SUN THAN NEPTUNE
248 YEARS TO ORBIT SUN

61. OORT CLOUDOORT CLOUD
AREA WHERE COMETS RESIDE JUST
OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
http://www.nineplanets.org/comets.html
HALLEY’S COMET EVERY 76 YEARS
COMET KAHOUTEK
HALE-BOPP COMET IN 1997

62. Minor members of the Minor members of the
solar system solar system
Comets
•Often compared to large, “dirty snowballs”
•Composition

Frozen gases

Rocky and metallic materials
•Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun

Produces a glowing head called the coma

Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun
due to
•Radiation pressure and the solar wind

63. Orientation of a comet’s tail Orientation of a comet’s tail
as it orbits the Sunas it orbits the Sun
Figure 22.27

64. HALE-BOPPHALE-BOPP

65. sunsingersunsinger

66. 10TH PLANET?10TH PLANET?
ASTEROID BELT BETWEEN MARS &
JUPITER
BODE’S LAW
MAY HAVE BEEN PLANET THAT
EXPLODED - ASTER
MAY BE TWO MOONS FROM JUPITER
COLLIDED
MAY BE MATERIAL THAN NEVER
COALESCED TO FORM PLANET

67. Minor members of the Minor members of the
solar system solar system
Asteroids
•Most lie between Mars and Jupiter
•Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620
miles in diameter
•Some have very eccentric orbits
•Many of the recent impacts on the Moon and
Earth were collisions with asteroids
•Irregular shapes
•Origin is uncertain

68. The orbits of most asteroids The orbits of most asteroids
lie between Mars and Jupiterlie between Mars and Jupiter
Figure 22.25

69. Minor members of the Minor members of the
solar system solar system
Meteoroids
•Called meteors when they enter Earth’s
atmosphere
•A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters
a swarm of meteoroids associated with a
comet’s path
•Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when
they are found on Earth

70. 1010
thth
PLANET PART 2 PLANET PART 2
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/
y2005/29jul_planetx.htm?list165102
What will it’s name be????? Eris

71. Do You Know?Do You Know?
Which is not a moon of JupiterWhich is not a moon of Jupiter
–A. Io
–B.Europa
–C.Xena
–D.Callisto
–E. All are moons of Jupiter

72. Why was the discovery of Jupiter’s Why was the discovery of Jupiter’s
moons important?moons important?
A.it proved all heavenly bodies revolved
around the Earth
B.it supported the geocentric concept of
the universe
C.it proved the Earth was not the center
of motion
D.all of these are true

73. When the moon moves in a line directly When the moon moves in a line directly
between the earth & sun what occurs?between the earth & sun what occurs?
A.lunar eclipse
B.solar eclipse
C.nothing
D.sometimes lunar sometimes solar
eclipse

74. What planet has the greatest What planet has the greatest
temperature range?temperature range?
A.Mercury
B.Venus
C.Jupiter
D.Neptune

75. What lies between the planets Mars What lies between the planets Mars
& Jupiter?& Jupiter?
A.the Oort Cloud
B.the Hale-Bopp Comet
C.the Asteroid belt
D.Saturn