The Upanishads
Sacred Scriptures of SanatanaDharma
Sacred Scriptures of Hinduism
Upanishad
Upa-(near), ni-(down), sad(to sit):
sitting near the teacher
Composed by various seers and sages
between 800-500 BCE, the Upanishadsare a
culmination and completion of an earlier
body of Hindu sacred texts called the Vedas.
Veda = knowledge
Upanishads are Vedanta: End of the Vedas
The Vedas
•Hymns and mantras to various deities
viewed as controlling forces of nature
•Directions for sacred rituals, especially
sacrifices to the gods
•Outline of moral codes
Concept of God in
the Rig Veda
The divine is sometimes represented as a
particular personal deity and at other times as an
impersonal absolute being, the Supreme God.
The Rig Vedadepicts the divine in several
different ways.
Naturalistic Polytheism
(many gods, forces of nature)
Henotheism
(many gods, but some central deity)
Monotheism
(one single personal supreme being)
Monism
(one absolute, impersonal being)
•These differences likely reflect the
historical development of the idea of God in
India.
•The movement towards monotheism and
monism was motivated in part by the
concept of rita(law or order).
Diversity in the universe
Many gods One God Unity in the universe
The Teachings of the
Upanishads
Six Key Concepts in the
Upanishads
Brahman
Atman
Karma
Samsara
MokshaAvidya
I.
BRAHMAN
The Upanishadsemphasize the impermanence
of the empirical world, physical reality as we
experience it through our senses.
Maya
The Upanishadsdistinguish between
the changing, transient nature of the
empirical universe and a single
ultimate transcendent realitythat is
unchanging and permanent.
Brahman
Ultimate Cosmic Reality
The distinction between Maya and Brahman
allows Upanishadicthinkers to affirm the unity
or oneness of all things.
All that isisBrahman. Reality is ultimately one
and unchanging, though it appearsas many and
changing.
Brahman Alone is Real.
Everything Else is Illusion.
What more can be said
about the nature of
Brahman?
We can speak of Brahman as
“being”(sat), “consciousness”
(cit), and “bliss”(ananda).
However, these are merely ways
of talking about the human
apprehension of Brahman.
In itself Brahman cannot be defined or
positively described.
Ultimately “Brahman”is a way of
designating a state in which subject-object
duality ceases to exist.
“There is no better description [of
Brahman] than this: that it is not-this, it
is not-that (neti, neti).”Brhad-aranyaka
Upanishad, II, 3, 6.
NirgunaBrahman SagunaBrahman
Brahman in itself is beyond all human
categories and conceptualization. In
itself Brahman has no attributes.
Brahman in relation to mayaand
as an object of human discourse
and devotion, with attributes.
Dual Aspect Theism
Implications?
In itself the Supreme being cannot be known, as the
Infinite surpasses or transcends all human concepti on.
The impersonal Supreme being is made personal
through manifestations of the Infinite in finite fo rm.
The many gods of Hinduism represent different aspec ts of one
and the same ultimate reality, Brahman.
Hinduism views the cosmic activity of the Supreme Being as comprised of
three tasks: creation, preservation, and dissolutio n and recreation. Three
deities (Trimurti) represent these tasks: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva .
Brahma Vishnu Shiva
II.
ATMAN
The True Self (Atman)
The individual personality, soul, or self
(jiva) belongs to the realm of maya. The jiva
is conditioned by Atman.
Atmanis timeless, spaceless, unchanging pure
consciousness, only temporarily manifested as
jivain maya.
The Upanishadsteach the existence
of a true Self called Atman.
Relation between Atman and Jiva
Analogy: Analogy:The Atman is to the jiva
what the space around a jar is to the
space within the jar.
Space
Within
JarSpace Outside Jar
Space within the jar is space
bounded and limited by the
edges of the jar.
So the jivais Atman
bounded and limited by
individuality.
“The wise one is not born, nor dies.
This one has not come from anywhere, has not become
anyone.
Unborn, constant, eternal, primeval, this one
Is not slain when the body is slain. . . .
He who is the bodiless among bodies,
Stable among the unstable.
The great, all pervading Self –
On recognizing Him, the wise man sorrows not.”
KenaUpanishadII.18,22
“That Self (Atman) is not this, it is not that (net i,
neti). It is unseizable, for it cannot be seized;
indestructible, for it cannot be destroyed;
unattached, for it does not attach itself; is unbou nd,
does not tremble, is not injured.”
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad, iv.v.15
Relation between
Brahman and Atman
Atman is Brahman
Tat TvamAsi
“Thou [Atman] art That [Brahman]”
(ChandogyaUpanishad, VI)
There is a common consciousness between
Atman and Brahman.
“The individual self, apart from all
factors that differentiate it from pure
consciousness, is the same as the divine,
apart from its differentiating conditions.”
(Eliot Deutsch, AdvaitaVedanta, p. 50)
Strip away all appearances
and every self is identical
with the ultimate reality.
III.
AVIDYA and VIDYA
The human
perspective is
characterized by
ignorance (avidya)
of the true nature of
reality and the self.
Analogy
A rope may appear to be a snake.
Likewise, the universe may appear to be many and
changing, and we may appear to be individuals
within the universe.
This is appearance only, grounded in avidya.
IV.
SAMSARA
and
KARMA
Our egocentric desires and actions create
and perpetuate new physical forms or
vehicles for atman.
Avidya
Egoism
New Physical Forms Egoism
Ignorance leads to egocentric desires
From this set of
Upanishadic
teachings emerges
the doctrine of
Reincarnation or
Rebirth.
Humans live multiple
embodied lives,
experiencing a
cyclical process of
birth, death, and
rebirth (samsara).
“Where one’s mind is attached –the inner self
Goes thereto with action, being attached to it alon e.
Obtaining the end of his action,
Whatever he does in this world,
He comes again from that world
To this world of action.
-So the man who desires.”
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad, iv.iv.6
“By the mind alone is It [Brahman] to be perceived.
There is on earth no diversity.
He gets death after death,
Who perceives here seeming diversity.”
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad, iv.iv.19
Samsaraand Suffering
Human suffering –lack of
satisfaction in life -is associated
with material forms of existence.
As long as samsaracontinues a
person is doomed to experience
suffering.
In the Upanishadskarma designates a law of
cosmic justice according to which every action
has an effect that is proportioned to the moral
quality of the action.
Rebirth is governed by karma
(literally “action”).
Karma includes the character one has
formed through one’s choices and actions.
Karma determines the nature of one’s
future incarnations.
Right Action
Bad Karma
Good Karma
Wrong Action
Rebirth is not desirable.
It implies that a person is still
trapped in ignorance about the
nature of reality.
Suffering, associated with
material existence, has not yet
been transcended.
VI.
MOKSHA
This is a state of knowledge,
enlightenment, or absolute
consciousnessin which the true nature
of reality (Brahman) and the true self
(Atman) is perceived.
The Ultimate State (Moksha)
Suffering is transcended only by
releasefrom samsaraand absorption
into Brahman, the one ultimate
reality.
It is also a state of freedom(moksha).
The only thing that can be free is that
which is one, for only that which is one
has no desire.
Being all that there is, there is nothing
else for it to desire.
There is nothing left to suffer.
“Now the man who does not desire –He
who is without desire, who is freed from
desire, whose desire is satisfied, whose
desire is the Self (atman) –his breath does
not depart. Being very Brahman, he goes to
Brahman.”
BrhadaranyakaUpanishad, iv.iv.6
“As the flowing rivers in the ocean
Disappear, quitting name and form,
So the knower, being liberated from name
and form,
Goes unto the Heavenly Person, higher than
the high.
He, verily, who knows the Supreme
Brahman, becomes Brahman.”
MundakaUpanishad, III.ii8-9
The ultimate goal is not to
be reborn.
The goal is to obtain
mokshaand be free from
desire and the cycle of
death and rebirth.
Six Key Concepts in the
Upanishads
Brahman
Atman
Karma
Samsara
MokshaAvidya