Updated Anatomy and Physiology -2025 for Cosmetology

Updated Anatomy

1. MILADY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Skeletal System. Muscular System. Nervous System

2. Why Study Anatomy and Physiology? jijomathaidesigners/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

3. WHY? THE WHY Having a solid understanding of Anatomy & Physiology of the human body is an important responsibility since Cosmetologist are licensed to touch. Techniques used during scalp massage, facials, manicures, pedicures Bones of the skull & facial structure for designing flattering styles, cuts & cosmetic applications Understanding YOUR body to maintain a pain free, healthy career

4. WHY? AGENDA The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts. WHAT IT IS

5. WHY? AGENDA The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures. WHAT IT DOES

6. Cell Structure and Function Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Giovanni Cancemi/Shutterstock.com

7. Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Giovanni Cancemi/Shutterstock.com CELLS are the basic units of all living things , from bacteria, plants, and animals to human beings. Cells carry out all life processes and reproduction. They vary in size, shape, and purpose. Cell Theory states: 1. All living things are made up of cells 2. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division

8. Cell Structure and Function Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

9. Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleus – center of cell; DNA; Reproduction Cytoplasm – watery fluid containing food materials necessary for growth; surrounds nucleus ; self repair; enzymes break down food Protoplasm- includes the nucleus; jelly like substance ; fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, salt, water Cell membrane – permits movement of soluble substances in and out of cells

10. Cell Membrane Protoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus

11. Cell Structure and Function Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock.com Mitosis Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism

12. Cell Structure and Function Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock.com Mitosis  is a process where a single cell divides into two identical cells One cell divides once to form two identical cells - DAUGHTER CELLS The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. Cell Reproduction and Division: Adequate food supply Adequate oxygen supply Adequate water supply Waste elimination Proper temperature

13. CELL METABOLISM Metabolism a chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy. Our bodies need this energy to do everything from moving to thinking to growing break proteins down into amino acids turn  fats  into fatty acids turn carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example,  glucose ) release waste through skin, kidneys, lungs & intestines Metabolism is a balancing act involving 2 PROCESSES: building up body tissues and energy stores - ANABOLISM breaking down body tissues and energy stores to get more fuel for body functions- CATABOLISM

14. Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock.com Catabolism  - DESTRUCTIVE metabolism Produces the energy needed for all activity in the cells Cells break down large molecules (mostly carbs and fats) to release energy This provides fuel for anabolism, heats the body, and enables the muscles to contract and the body to move. REQUIRES ENERGY Anabolism –CONSTRUCTIVE metabolism Building and storing Supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues, and the storage of energy for future use; RELEASES ENERGY Small molecules change into larger, more complex molecules of carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

15. HOMEOSTASIS Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock.com Four things that cells do to maintain homeostasis i n order to survive: 1.  C ells need to be able to obtain and use energy 2. M ake new cells 3. E xchange materials 4. E liminate wastes The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment ; Anabolism & Catabolism at same time: Internal Stability

16. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!

17. Tissues Group of similar cells performing specific functions Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lightspring/Shutterstock.com Connective Epithelial Nerve Muscle

18. Tissue Epithelial - Protection; body surfaces, glands, mucous membrane, lining of heart/respiratory organs Connective- Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat; bone, ligaments, Adipose; FIBROUS

19. Tissue Nervous- Carries messages to & from brain; Stimulates action; activate body functions, Neurons Muscle- Movement & force; Contracts & moves

20. Organs and Body Systems BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

21. BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ORGANS- Group of tissues that perform a specific function BODY SYSTEMS - Group of organs & tissues that work together to perform jobs for the body; Some organs can be apart of more than one system

22. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!

23. Organs and Body Systems Circulatory - blood flow; heart, blood vessels Digestive - break down food; stomach, intestines, esophagus, glands Endocrine -hormones Excretory -eliminates waste; kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, lungs Immune (lymphatic)- lymph, lymph nodes, protection from illness Integumentary - protective covering Anatomy Image/Shutterstock.com

24. Organs and Body Systems (Cont.) Muscular - covers, shape, holds skeletal system in place Nervous - coordinates all body systems; brain, spinal cord, nerves Reproductive - “produce offspring” Respiratory - makes blood & oxygen available; eliminates carbon dioxide; lungs; cell production Skeletal - 206 bones, physical foundation Anatomy Image/Shutterstock.com

25. Anatomy Image/Shutterstock.com

26. Skeletal System Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life science/Shutterstock.com Osteology is the study of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones. Os means “bones.” Joint Movable Immovable

27. Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life science/Shutterstock.com Osteology Joint Movable Immovable Physical foundation of the body Hardest CONNECTIVE tissue 206 bones that vary in size and shape Born with 300 bones Connected by movable and immovable joints. 1/3 Organic matter – cells and blood 2/3 Mineral matter – mainly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

28. Primary Functions Give the body shape and support Protect internal structures and organs Serve as attachment for muscles Produce white and red blood cells Store calcium first vector trend/Shutterstock.com first vector trend/Shutterstock.com

29. JOINTS- Connections between two or more bones of the skeleton. Movable –elbows, knees, and hips Immovable – pelvis or skull

30. Skull Bones stihii/Shutterstock.com Cranium Facial skeleton

31. Cranium – bony case that protects brain- 8 Facial skeleton – framework of face composed of 14 bones BONES OF THE SKULL

32. Cranial Bones Parietal bones (2) Temporal bones (2) Occipital bone Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Forms sides & top of cranium Forms sides near ears Forms back of skull; above nape Forehead; first curve Joins all together; forms base & side Between eye socket Spongey Separates nasal cavity from brain

33. Facial Bones Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Maxillae bones (2) Mandible Cheek bone Innerwall of eye socket Tearduct ; Most Fragile Forms bridge Upper jaw Lower jaw; Largest, strongest

34. Neck Bones Cervical vertebrae (7) Hyoid bone supports tongue and muscles U-shaped; “ floating" located in neck region (7) Supports weight of head Rotation

35. Chest and Shoulder Bones Scapula (2) Clavicle Collar bone Joins sternum & scapula Shoulder blade large, flat, triangular

36. Arm and Hand Bones Phalanges Metacarpus (5) Radius Carpus (8) Ulna Humerus Largest arm bone; shoulder to elbow Smaller bones on THUMB side of forearm Inner & Larger bone of forearm ; PINKY side Bones of fingers- 3 in each; 2 in thumb 14 each hand Bones of palm- 5 Bones of wrist- 8

37. Leg Bones Patella Tibia Fibula Kneecap Larger bone below knee- SHIN Ankle bone on big toe side Smaller bone below knee- CALF Ankle bone on pinky side

38. Ankle and Foot Bones- Fibula Tarsals (7) Metatarsals (5) Tibia Talus Phalanges (14) Ankle joint – composed of tibia, fibula, and talus (anklebone) Bones of ankle- 7 Known as ankle bone Bones of foot - 5 Bones of toes- 14 each foot 26 bones in 3 categories: TARSALS, METATARSELS, PHALANGES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

39. Muscular System Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choksawatdikorn/Shutterstock.com Myology – the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles Muscles - fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and The human body has over 600 muscles responsible for 40 percent of the body’s weight.

40. Muscular System’s Functions newart-graphics/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mobility Circulation Respiration Digestion Stability Posture

41. Types of Muscles logika600/Shutterstock.com Cardiac muscle- INVOLUNTARY; HEART logika600/Shutterstock.com Involuntary muscles (nonstriated)-autonomic system Breathing & digestion logika600/Shutterstock.com Voluntary muscles (striated)- WE control

42. Three Parts of a Muscle Belly Origin Insertion Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin. Immoveable Middle Moveable

43. Muscle Stimulation Massage Electric current therapy Infrared light Dry heat Moist heat Nerve impulses Chemicals

44. Scalp and Neck Muscles Frontalis Platysma Epicranius Epicranial aponeurosis Occipitalis Sternocleidomastoideus Front; Raises eyebrows Lower & rotate head Back part Balance weight Facial expressions Tendon that Connects Occipital to Frontal Covers top of skull Lowers jaw & lip Chest –Shoulder-Chin

45. Face, Nose, and Mouth Muscles Corrugator Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Masseter Buccinator Triangularis Depressor labii inferioris Procerus Levator palpebrae superioris Levator anguli oris Zygomaticus minor Zygomaticus major Risorius Orbicularis oris Mentalis Eyebrow down & in Wrinkles vertically Chewing Closes eye Raises upper lip Dilates nostrils Chewing Compresses cheeks;Expels air Pulls corner DOWN Draws lip to one side Elevates lower lip Wrinkles chin Compresses, contracts, puckers lips Corners out & back; Grinning Pulls mouth up & back; Smiling Pulls upper lip back & up; Smiling Raises angle up and in Bridge; Lowers eyebrows Wrinkles bridge Opens eye; easily damaged

46. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- ARM TO BODY Large, flat, triangular Extends arm away; rotate shoulder Chest; assist in swinging Assist in breathing & raising arms Psoas Muscle  Covers neck, upper middle back Rotates, controls swinging movements

47. Shoulder and Arm Muscles Trapezius Deltoid Bicep Supinator Anterior or front Pronator Flexor Tricep Extensors Posterior or back Shoulder Extends arm out to side Lifts foream Flexes elbow Palm upward Palm downward Flexes wrists Extends forearm Straightens wrist, hand, fingers Humerus , scapula, clavicle form the shoulder

48. Hand Muscles Adductors Abductors Oppenens Move thumb forward; in towards hand Separates Bring together

49. Lower Leg Muscle Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus Outer calf Inverts foot & turns downward Lower calf Bends foot down & out Bends foot up Extends toes Extends big toe Flexes foot Lower rear of heel pulls foot down Bends foot up & in Shin Bends foot down Deeper muscle Connects to achilles

50. Foot Muscles Flexor digiti minimi Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi Moves little toe Separates toes Moves toes for balance while walking, standing Big toe away from other toes Flexes toes

51. Nervous System Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life science/Shutterstock.com

52. Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life science/Shutterstock.com Neurology - the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system Nervous system – controls and coordinates the functions of other systems, making them work harmoniously and efficiently

53. Nervous System Divisions Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) CNS - Central Nervous System; Brain, Spine Voluntary; Senses PNS- Peripheral Nervous System- Carries messages to/from nervous system ANS - Autonomic Nervous System- Involuntary Muscles; regulates

54. The Brain and Spinal Cord Axel_Kock/Shutterstock.com The brain is one of the body’s most complex organs It controls all the body’s functions and the spinal cord is apart of the CNS

55. Brain largest mass of body tissue Average weight: 44 to 48 ounce s Brain contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves Spinal cord originates in brain 31 pairs of spinal nerves DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

56. Nerves Whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulses Dendrites

57. Nerve Cell Structure and Function DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves. There are over 100 billion nerve cells, known as neurons, Neuron /Nerve cell – primary unit Dendrites – receive impulses from neurons Axon and Axon terminal – send impulses to other neurons, glands, muscles Nerves – Nerve fibers held together by connective tissue ; used to transmit impulses

58. Types of Nerves Sensory nerves Aldona Griskeviciene/Shutterstock.com Motor nerves Aldona Griskeviciene/Shutterstock.com Sensory- Afferent - ARRIVES Carry impulses from sense organs to brain Motor- Efferent- EXITS Carry impulses from brain to muscles Reflex-simplest Reaction to a stimulus Automatic reaction

59. Circulatory System Magic mine/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

60. Magic mine/Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Also known as the cardiovascular system or vascular system Controls steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body

61. The Heart Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation A muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps blood moving through the body The size of a closed fist, weighing approximately 9 ounces Pericardium – Membrane – Epithelial- encloses the heart; Connected by connective tissue ; Helps overfill of blood Resting heart rate – 60 to 80 times per minute Constant circulation- Pulmonary and Systemic Pumps 4,000 gallons everyday

62. The Heart Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Carries oxygen poor blood to lungs for oxygenation & waste removal; Returns blood to heart ( left atrium ) Allows oxygen rich blood to be delivered Carries oxygen rich blood from heart through body & returns oxygen poor blood back to heart General Circulation

63. Blood Vessels- Tube like structures that circulate blood Arteries Aorta Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Thick; transport blood to/from heart Largest artery in the body Small arteries; transport blood to capillar ies Tiny blood vessels; connects small arteries to veins Small veins that connect capillaries to larger veins Thin blood vessels ; valves prevent back flow of impure blood CLOSEST TO THE SKIN

64. The Blood donfiore/Shutterstock.com Carries water, oxygen & food to cells & tissues Carries carbon dioxide & waste that is eliminated from organs Helps equalize temperature Works with immune system to protect from harmful toxins Seals leaks in vessels by forming clots 80% water

65. Sticky, salty fluid Temperature of 98.6 1/20th of body weight 8 to 10 pints in adults Bright red in arteries Dark red in veins (except pulmonary)- Lack of oxygen Red longest wave length/ Blue shortest- BLOOD ALWAYS RED THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM- Red blood cells – carry oxygen to cells White blood cells – destroy disease-causing germs Blood platelets – important to clotting Plasma – carries food to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells Blood/ Blood Composition

66. External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Common carotid arteries Head, Face, and Neck Arteries Main artery of face; Supply blood to head, face, neck Brain, eyes, forehead Superficial temporal artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Front of scalp, ear, face, neck, sides Carotid- CARRIIES oxygenated blood to head Jugular- DRAINS deoxygenated blood down to heart

67. External jugular vein Internal jugular vein Head, Face, and Neck Veins Blood flow from heart back to head, face, neck flows on each side of neck in 2 Principle veins L ocated at side of neck to collect blood from brain and parts of face and neck carries blood returning to heart from head, face, and neck

68. Lymphatic System Lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, lymph vessels; breast bone- white blood cells Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Shot4Sell/Shutterstock.com

69. Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Shot4Sell/Shutterstock.com Carries waste and impurities away from cells Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms Drains tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid (blood plasma found in spaces between tissue cells)

70. Lymphatic System Lymph - Clear/pale yellow; contains white blood cells; lymph vessels Lymph nodes- Glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, cancer cells

71. Lymphatic System’s Primary Functions Carry nourishment Defend against toxins and bacteria Remove waste material Provide for cell environment Nerthuz/Shutterstock.com

72. Integumentary System- Natural covering

73. Integumentary System Made up of the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails Serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

74. Endocrine System Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Glands that effect growth, development, sexual functions & overall health

75. Types of Glands Endocrine glands Aldona Griskeviciene/Shutterstock.com Exocrine glands Aldona Griskeviciene/Shutterstock.com Glands – specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds Exocrine (duct) – produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. Sweat and oil glands belong to this group. Endocrine (ductless) – release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. Thyroid and pituitary glands belong to this group.

76. Secrete insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body and influence the welfare of the entire body HORMONES/ GLANDS Parathyroid – regulates blood calcium and phosphorus Pancreas – secretes enzymes responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Thyroid - controls the bodys metabolism

77. AGENDA HORMONES/ GLANDS Pineal – impacts sexual development, sleep, and metabolism Pituitary (Master gland )– affects almost every physiologic process (growth, blood pressure, breast-milk production, etc ) .)) Adrenal – secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body Ovaries – female sexual glands Testes – male sexual glands

78. Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina , the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- Produces Hormones The reproductive system produces offspring and passes on the genetic code from one generation to another. Hormones affect change in skin, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth, pigmentation, and much more.

79. Story Moment Jackie comes in for her facial, and she has some acne and is oily in her forehead, nose, and chin. She also has a tendency to tighten up her forehead, which creates lines between her eyebrows. When she does this too much, she gets a headache, and she will close her eyes to relieve the pain. Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. fizkes/Shutterstock.com

80. Story Moment Questions Jackie’s physician told her that hormonal imbalances can cause changes in the scalp, skin, and nails and may be a reason for her recent acne flareups. What body system are the sebaceous glands part of? skeletal muscular endocrine nervous Thinking back on your knowledge of anatomy, which type of gland is the sebaceous gland? nervous endocrine lymphatic exocrine

81. Story Moment Questions What muscle does Jackie tense up? corrugator masseter procerus buccinator Jackie closes her eyes to relieve pain. Which muscle closes the eyelids? levator palpabrae superioris orbicularis oris orbicularis oculi levator labii superioris

82. Story Moment Questions What is the name of the bone that forms Jackie’s forehead? lacrimal frontal parietal zygomatic

83. Explain the importance of anatomy and physiology to cosmetologists. Describe the structure and division of cells. List the four types of tissues in the body. Explain the basic functions of the organs and body systems. Outline the skeletal system’s structures and functions. Describe the muscular system’s components and supporting structures. Explain the nervous system’s divisions and functions. List the functions of the circulatory system’s components. Describe the lymphatic system’s function. Explain the integumentary system’s function. Outline the endocrine system’s organs and their functions. LEARNING OBJECTIVES